Ex-managers spread its scrappy mentality, leaving harsher parts
of the culture behind
By Dana Mattioli
This article is being republished as part of our daily
reproduction of WSJ.com articles that also appeared in the U.S.
print edition of The Wall Street Journal (November 21, 2019).
Latchel Inc. is a 3-year-old, 20-person startup in Seattle that
sells home-maintenance services. It has something in common with
its enormous neighbor Amazon.com Inc., specifically, 14 leadership
principles, many of which are identical.
That's not a coincidence. Will Gordon, a Latchel co-founder,
worked for the e-commerce giant for nearly three years. And like
many former Amazon executives, Mr. Gordon took with him its
management style -- including principles such as "customer
obsession" and "bias for action" -- when he left a few years ago.
He's part of the diaspora of Amazon alumni spreading the business
gospel of Jeff Bezos across the corporate world.
For decades, General Electric Co. was America's breeding ground
for corporate chiefs. Executives who rose through the
conglomerate's ranks in its heyday and passed through its rigorous
management program went on to run behemoths such as Home Depot Inc.
and 3M Co.
In the Big Tech era, Amazon has become the incubator for CEOs
and entrepreneurs. At the core of Amazon's ethos is a scrappy
startup mentality that encourages employees to constantly innovate
and challenge the way things are typically done.
There's one element some ex-Amazonians are leaving behind: the
harsher parts of Amazon's culture, such as hiring practices that
favor skills over collegiality.
Amazon is known for disregarding social cohesion in interviewing
candidates, former employees said, elevating other traits over an
ability to work well with colleagues. Mr. Gordon of Latchel
originally embraced that tenet.
"We approached hiring this way and it was a big, big mistake,"
he said. He had to fire one employee he had hired who was capable
but couldn't get along with the team. "We need social cohesion and
to like each other because we have to put in lots of additional
hours and time because it's a startup," Mr. Gordon said.
An Amazon spokesman said that social cohesion is balanced by
Amazon's "earn trust" leadership principle, which says that
"leaders listen attentively, speak candidly, and treat others
respectfully."
Alums of the Seattle-based giant, which employs over 750,000
people, head companies including Tableau Software Inc., Zulily
Inc., Groupon Inc., and Simple, an online banking unit of Banco
Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA.
The company Mr. Bezos founded in his garage 25 years ago has
also spawned a legion of startup founders, who run or have run
companies as varied as content-streaming site Hulu, e-commerce
platform Verishop Inc., cannabis hub Leafly Holdings Inc., and
trucking-software maker Convoy Inc. And when directors of troubled
property-leasing startup We Co. ousted their leader, they tapped an
ex-Amazon executive as co-CEO to try to stabilize the
situation.
Business leaders often incorporate lessons learned in past
positions at other companies. Amazon's management culture is
especially well-defined and hammered endlessly into its executives,
say those who have worked there.
In addition to its 14 leadership principles, there are more
general practices that are aimed at keeping teams nimble and that
let data guide business decisions. Cross-functional teams should be
small enough that two pizzas would suffice for dinner. Many
meetings start with 30 minutes of silence as everyone reads the
same six-page document. Employees pitching new products create
fictional press releases to focus on the benefits to customers.
(See below for a list of the 14 principles.)
Former employees say some of the aspects of company culture
they're leaving behind include an intense pace and a preference for
blunt confrontation that can cause some employees to burn out.
Amazon has also faced criticism from some customers and sellers
that it has allowed shoddy or dangerous merchandise on its platform
in its pursuit of rapid growth.
An Amazon spokesman said that safety is important, and that
"third-party sellers are required to comply with all relevant laws
and regulations when listing items for sale in our stores. When
sellers don't comply with our terms, we work quickly to take action
on behalf of customers."
Jeff Yurcisin, a 14-year veteran of Amazon who last year became
president of Zulily, an e-commerce company focused on flash sales,
said he has brought the tech giant's approach to hiring. Every
interviewer now asks a candidate questions based on a specific
skill related to the role.
But Mr. Yurcisin said he is striving for a "more empathetic
culture" at Zulily. "Over 25 years, Amazon has rewarded direct
communication and incredibly high standards, which taken to an
extreme, can be off-putting to some employees who can take it
personally," he said. Ultimately, he added, "trying to replicate
their culture is not a recipe for success."
"I really like our culture," said Jeff Wilke, the CEO of
Amazon's consumer business. "It's not for everyone. There are lots
of ways to build a culture, there are lots of kinds of cultures,
and, you know, people certainly are free to sample and say,
'Actually, you know, this one's not for me.' "
Looming over Amazon's culture is Mr. Bezos, one of the world's
richest men. Jack Welch's two decades as CEO and chairman of GE
infused that company with Welchisms such as "fix, close or sell,"
and an employee ranking system that systematically cut its lowest
performers. When Mr. Welch stepped down, his progeny headed up more
than a dozen companies and GE's employee base was a favorite mining
ground for executive recruiters. Mr. Welch declined to comment.
With Amazon's ascent to one of the world's biggest companies,
Mr. Bezos has become a management guru, with management students
poring over his annual shareholder letter, much like how investors
study letters from Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Chairman Warren
Buffett.
Mr. Bezos trumpets a philosophy that "it's always Day 1 at
Amazon," urging employees to never stop innovating or become
complacent. In essence, the idea is to keep his $870 billion
company, the U.S.'s second-biggest private employer, acting like a
startup.
In the early 2000s, Mr. Bezos inspired one of the more famous
Amazon organizational tools: The narrative, or "six-pager" in
Amazon parlance, a document that a team of employees writes when
proposing an idea.
It originated during a frustrating PowerPoint presentation where
Amazon's management team found themselves scribbling in the margins
of the deck being presented to better process it, said Mr. Wilke.
When the speaker asked if the team needed anything else at the end
of the presentation, Mr. Bezos piped up: "Yeah, can I have your
notes?" Mr. Wilke recalls.
PowerPoint presentations are now banned at Amazon, and it's
common for meetings to begin with a long stretch of quiet as
everyone reads six-pagers -- a tactic Mr. Bezos adopted to ensure
that executives actually process the proposal before discussing
their merits and asking questions.
"One of the things I flagrantly ripped off from Amazon was the
narrative, " said Adam Selipsky, the CEO of software maker Tableau.
He worked for 11 years for Amazon's cloud-computing arm, Amazon Web
Services, and was a member of the inner circle of senior executives
called the "S-team" before leaving for Tableau. He said people
found the six-pagers weird at first, but that it's caught on.
"There's a lot more democratic participation in the discussion
by using the narrative," he said.
Amazon introduced its leadership principles in 2002 after
noticing there were a number of different words and phrases that
kept coming up when discussing leadership, said Mr. Wilke. He and a
small group of colleagues took a shot at writing their first set of
principles and presented them to Mr. Bezos, who said they weren't
"Amazonian enough." They revised the list and today it is used in
hiring, employee reviews and business decisions.
At Amazon, candidates who pass a phone interview then meet in
person for up to six back-to-back meetings with different employees
one-on-one. Each employee is digging for examples for how the
candidate's experience relates to a specific leadership principle
or competency of the job. One of the interviewers is a so-called
bar raiser unaffiliated with the role the person is interviewing
for, and is specifically trying to glean whether the person
embodies the leadership principles.
Laura Orvidas says she is incorporating some of Amazon's hiring
techniques at onXmaps Inc., a digital mapping company for hunters
and outdoorsmen, where she became CEO in 2018 after nearly 18 years
at Amazon.
She said Amazon's leadership principles became so ingrained that
she would find herself using them with her kids without thinking,
saying things like: "Honey, really good bias for action there."
According to that principle, leaders remember that speed matters
and that many decisions and actions can be reversed and don't need
extensive study.
At Amazon, she ran the multibillion-dollar consumer electronics
segment, which she said gave her necessary experience for running a
company. That's a quality that draws executive recruiters to
Amazon's ranks: Its sprawling empire -- with businesses as diverse
as advertising, prescription-drug delivery and a movie studio --
means that division heads have their own fiefs that can be bigger
than the publicly traded companies they compete against.
Recruiters also say that clients want CEOs with technological
expertise, data-driven approaches and an ability to deal with
disruption or be a disrupter. With Amazon, "a lot of clients want
to know what's the secret sauce," said Lorraine Hack, a senior
client partner for Korn Ferry's technology recruiting practice.
"The whole culture is so entrepreneurial, efficient,
get-things-done," she said. "That's a CEO personality."
Like GE in its heyday, Amazon is viewed as a so-called "academy
company" where leaders are groomed, said Ms. Hack, adding that
PepsiCo Inc. is considered one as well.
Some Amazon executives go elsewhere because they perceive a
ceiling at the upper end of its ranks, says Nada Usina, co-leader
of executive recruiting firm Russell Reynolds Associates' global
technology practice. That's because Amazon's top leaders tend to be
long tenured. Mr. Wilke, 52, just hit his 20th anniversary. Amazon
Web Services chief Andy Jassy has been at Amazon for more than 22
years. The S-team, with 18 high-ranking executives, rarely has
openings.
Mr. Wilke said he hopes that many leaders want to stay at
Amazon, but "I am also proud that they're going out into the world
and building great things."
Among those who ran into difficulty after they left, Tim Stone
lasted eight months as chief financial officer of Snapchat parent
Snap Inc. after two decades at Amazon. Mr. Stone wasn't a good
cultural fit for Snap, said people familiar with events. The issues
came to a head when he went directly to Snap's board of directors,
and over CEO Evan Spiegel's head, to ask for a big raise, the
people said. He is now CFO of Ford Motor Co.
Mr. Stone didn't respond to requests for comment.
When Dan Lewis began developing the business model for Convoy, a
digital freight network valued at $2.75 billion, he sketched out a
circular diagram, outlining how its business goals (better cost
structure) would tie into customer benefits (lower rates to
shippers), on the back of a piece of scrap paper at a Seattle
coffee shop.
Amazon lore is that Mr. Bezos also used a napkin to sketch out
Amazon's similar "flywheel" business model. The cycle by which
Amazon increases selection, which lowers costs and prices and gives
customers reason to keep shopping, is something still inculcated in
the workforce 25 years later.
Convoy's flywheel, which revolves around getting shipment
volumes for truck drivers to better utilize empty space in vehicles
and drive down costs, is laminated in each conference room of the
company, he said. The company's leadership principles are on the
other side of the flywheel. Mr. Lewis was general manager of new
shopping experiences at Amazon until 2015, when he started Convoy,
which counts Mr. Wilke and Mr. Bezos as personal investors.
Cate Khan, co-founder of shopping website Verishop and a 7-year
veteran of Amazon, said the first thing she did when she was
thinking about the company's positioning was write a fictional
press release -- what Amazon refers to as a "PRFAQ." Her co-founder
and husband, Imran Khan, who was Snapchat's chief strategy officer,
has absorbed some of the lessons himself: In the early stages of
Verishop, he requested six-pagers from various teams.
Ms. Khan took something else from Amazon with her. In September,
Verishop announced free one-day shipping.
Write to Dana Mattioli at dana.mattioli@wsj.com
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
November 21, 2019 02:47 ET (07:47 GMT)
Copyright (c) 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
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