JAMF Jamf Holding Corporation

Jamf (NASDAQ: JAMF), the standard in managing and securing Apple at work, today announced financial results for its third quarter ended September 30, 2023.

“Jamf’s industry-leading Apple management and security solutions, delivered as an integrated platform, help IT and security teams deliver an experience that is loved by users and trusted by organizations,” said John Strosahl, CEO. “Our robust platform, commitment to innovation, relentless focus on our customers, combined with growing adoption of Apple in the enterprise, helped Jamf outperform expectations for the 14th consecutive quarter.”

Third Quarter 2023 Financial Highlights

• ARR: ARR of $566.3 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of 15% year-over-year.
• Revenue: Total revenue of $142.6 million, an increase of 15% year-over-year.
• Gross Profit: GAAP gross profit of $110.4 million, or 77% of total revenue, compared to $93.4 million in the third quarter of 2022. Non-GAAP gross profit of $117.0 million, or 82% of total revenue, compared to $101.6 million in the third quarter of 2022.
• Operating Loss/Income: GAAP operating loss of $31.9 million, or (22)% of total revenue, compared to $28.6 million in the third quarter of 2022. Non-GAAP operating income of $12.4 million, or 9% of total revenue, compared to $6.9 million in the third quarter of 2022.
• Cash Flow: Cash flow provided by operations of $47.2 million for the TTM ended September 30, 2023, or 9% of TTM total revenue, compared to $63.2 million for the TTM ended September 30, 2022. Unlevered free cash flow of $60.6 million for the TTM ended September 30, 2023, or 11% of TTM total revenue, compared to $64.0 million for the TTM ended September 30, 2022.

A reconciliation between historical GAAP and non-GAAP information is contained in the tables below and the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below contains descriptions of these reconciliations.

Recent Business Highlights

• Ended the third quarter serving more than 74,400 customers with 31.8 million total devices on our platform.
• Achieved 31% year-over-year growth in security ARR, to $119.9 million as of September 30, 2023, representing 21% of Jamf’s total ARR.
• Named a leading endpoint security vendor by Frost & Sullivan in their Frost Radar Endpoint Security 2023 report.
• Gathered Apple IT and security experts along with key partners like Apple at the 14th annual, largest ever, Jamf Nation User Conference to share how Jamf is continuing to innovate to bring together management and security into one integrated platform.
• Announced support for Apple’s new identity technology, Platform Single Sign-In (SSO), with Okta, offering fast, secure and streamlined authentication for Mac.
• Achieved StateRAMP Ready status for Jamf Pro and Jamf School, giving U.S. state government agencies, including public education institutions, the confidence they need to comply with industry standards.
• Released Jamf Pro 11 with a more modern, accessible UI, simplified onboarding and continued support for Declarative Device Management.
• Announced new AI-powered functionality for Jamf Protect that takes detailed raw telemetry and security alert data, applies the MITRE attack framework and summarizes a friendly explanation along with recommendations for Jamf admins on how to remedy security issues.
• Announced same-day support for recently released Apple operating systems including macOS Sonoma, iOS 17, iPadOS 17 and tvOS 17.
• Named as one of 2023’s Best Workplaces for Women™ by Fortune Media and Great Place to Work®.

Financial Outlook

For the fourth quarter of 2023, Jamf currently expects:

• Total revenue of $148.0 to $149.0 million
• Non-GAAP operating income of $19.5 to $20.5 million

For the full year 2023, Jamf currently expects:

• Total revenue of $557.9 to $558.9 million
• Non-GAAP operating income of $43.8 to $44.8 million

To assist with modeling, for the fourth quarter of 2023 and full year 2023, amortization is expected to be approximately $10.9 million and $42.9 million, respectively. In addition, for the fourth quarter of 2023 and full year 2023, stock-based compensation and related payroll taxes are expected to be approximately $25.2 million and $104.9 million, respectively.

Jamf is unable to provide a quantitative reconciliation of forward-looking guidance of non-GAAP operating income to GAAP operating income (loss) because certain items are out of Jamf’s control or cannot be reasonably predicted. Historically, these items have included, but are not limited to, acquisition-related expenses and acquisition-related earn-out, offering costs, amortization, stock-based compensation and related payroll taxes, and system transformation costs. Accordingly, a reconciliation for forward-looking non-GAAP operating income is not available without unreasonable effort. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could result in projected GAAP operating income (loss) being materially less than is indicated by currently estimated non-GAAP operating income.

These statements are forward-looking and actual results may differ materially. Refer to the Forward-Looking Statements safe harbor below for information on the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.

Webcast and Conference Call Information

Jamf will host a conference call and live webcast for analysts and investors at 3:30 p.m. Central Time (4:30 p.m. Eastern Time) on November 8, 2023.

The conference call will be webcast live on Jamf’s Investor Relations website at https://ir.jamf.com. Those parties interested in participating via telephone may register on Jamf’s Investor Relations website. The financial tables, earnings presentation, and investor presentation provided in connection with this press release and the accompanying conference call will also be available on Jamf’s Investor Relations website.

A replay of the call will be available on the Investor Relations website beginning on November 8, 2023, at approximately 6:00 p.m. Central Time (7:00 p.m. Eastern Time).

Please note that Jamf uses its https://ir.jamf.com website as a means of disclosing material non-public information, announcing upcoming investor conferences, and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, you should monitor our investor relations website in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), we believe the non-GAAP measures of non-GAAP operating expenses, non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP gross profit margin, non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP operating income (loss) margin, non-GAAP income before income taxes, non-GAAP provision for income taxes as it relates to the calculation of non-GAAP net income, non-GAAP net income, free cash flow, free cash flow margin, unlevered free cash flow, and unlevered free cash flow margin are useful in evaluating our operating performance. Certain of these non-GAAP measures exclude stock-based compensation, amortization expense, acquisition-related expenses, acquisition-related earnout, offering costs, foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation, legal settlements and other non-recurring litigation costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, amortization of debt issuance costs, and system transformation costs. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance and assists in comparisons with other companies, some of which use similar non-GAAP information to supplement their GAAP results. The non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from similarly-titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies. The principal limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is that they exclude significant expenses that are required by GAAP to be recorded in our financial statements. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgment by our management about which expenses are excluded or included in determining these non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliation tables of the most comparable GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures used in this press release are included with the financial tables at the end of this press release. We strongly encourage investors to review our consolidated financial statements included in our publicly filed reports in their entirety and not rely solely on any single financial measurement or communication.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release and the accompanying conference call contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “can,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “potential,” or “continue,” or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our future financial and operating performance (including our outlook and guidance), the demand for our platform, anticipated impacts of macroeconomic conditions on our business, our expectations regarding business benefits and financial impacts from our acquisitions, partnerships, and investments, and our ability to deliver on our long-term strategy.

The forward-looking statements contained in this press release and the accompanying conference call are also subject to additional risks, uncertainties, and factors, including those more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Additional information will also be set forth in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, as well as the subsequent periodic and current reports and other filings that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks and uncertainties may emerge that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this press release and the accompanying conference call.

Given these factors, as well as other variables that may affect our operating results, you should not rely on forward-looking statements, assume that past financial performance will be a reliable indicator of future performance, or use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods. The forward-looking statements included in this press release and the accompanying conference call relate only to events as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

About Jamf

Jamf’s purpose is to simplify work by helping organizations manage and secure an Apple experience that end users love and organizations trust. Jamf is the only company in the world that provides a complete management and security solution for an Apple-first environment designed to be enterprise secure, consumer simple and protect personal privacy. To learn more, visit www.jamf.com.

Investor ContactsJennifer GaumondMichael Thomasir@jamf.com 

Media ContactRachel Nauenmedia@jamf.com 

Jamf Holding Corp.Consolidated Balance Sheets(in thousands)(unaudited)

	September 30,2023				December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	227,619			$	224,338
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances of $484 and $445		95,361				88,163
Income taxes receivable		678				465
Deferred contract costs		21,693				17,652
Prepaid expenses		15,938				14,331
Other current assets		10,733				6,097
Total current assets		372,022				351,046
Equipment and leasehold improvements, net		16,400				19,421
Goodwill		876,822				856,925
Other intangible assets, net		196,514				218,744
Deferred contract costs, non-current		48,871				39,643
Other assets		41,423				43,763
Total assets	$	1,552,052			$	1,529,542
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	21,070			$	15,393
Accrued liabilities		68,088				67,051
Income taxes payable		1,018				486
Deferred revenue		311,138				278,038
Total current liabilities		401,314				360,968
Deferred revenue, non-current		58,616				68,112
Deferred tax liability, net		5,624				5,505
Convertible senior notes, net		366,374				364,505
Other liabilities		20,707				29,114
Total liabilities		852,635				828,204
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock		—				—
Common stock		126				123
Additional paid-in capital		1,136,727				1,049,875
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(36,051	)			(39,951	)
Accumulated deficit		(401,385	)			(308,709	)
Total stockholders’ equity		699,417				701,338
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,552,052			$	1,529,542

Jamf Holding Corp.Consolidated Statements of Operations(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)(unaudited)

​	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023				2022				2023				2022
Revenue:
Subscription	$	138,521			$	118,524			$	396,342			$	330,132
Services		3,956				5,216				12,594				14,187
License		148				817				990				4,134
Total revenue		142,625				124,557				409,926				348,453
Cost of revenue:
Cost of subscription(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(exclusive of amortization expense shown below)		25,009				22,334				72,354				62,870
Cost of services(1)(2)(3)(4)(exclusive of amortization expense shown below)		3,736				3,584				10,413				10,184
Amortization expense		3,494				5,277				10,102				15,760
Total cost of revenue		32,239				31,195				92,869				88,814
Gross profit		110,386				93,362				317,057				259,639
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)		64,239				54,096				188,337				159,171
Research and development(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)		34,704				30,799				101,501				89,584
General and administrative(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)		35,896				30,061				100,298				103,994
Amortization expense		7,420				7,040				21,908				21,103
Total operating expenses		142,259				121,996				412,044				373,852
Loss from operations		(31,873	)			(28,634	)			(94,987	)			(114,213	)
Interest income (expense), net		1,687				45				4,453				(1,455	)
Foreign currency transaction loss		(2,647	)			(2,624	)			(995	)			(4,081	)
Loss before income tax benefit (provision)		(32,833	)			(31,213	)			(91,529	)			(119,749	)
Income tax benefit (provision)		556				(89	)			(1,147	)			(321	)
Net loss	$	(32,277	)		$	(31,302	)		$	(92,676	)		$	(120,070	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.26	)		$	(0.26	)		$	(0.74	)		$	(1.00	)
Weighted‑average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted		125,537,246				121,014,325				124,455,109				120,188,587

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscription	$	2,653		$	2,479		$	7,635		$	6,495
Services		362			344			994			961
Sales and marketing		8,493			6,955			25,068			26,625
Research and development		6,429			5,130			17,863			19,620
General and administrative		10,412			5,582			26,522			35,823
	$	28,349		$	20,490		$	78,082		$	89,524

(2) Includes payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation as follows:​

​	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscription	$	92		$	109		$	175		$	133
Services		13			23			25			24
Sales and marketing		304			366			711			443
Research and development		164			142			410			246
General and administrative		131			92			353			275
​	$	704		$	732		$	1,674		$	1,121

(3) Includes depreciation expense as follows:

​	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue:										​
Subscription	$	302		$	285		$	923		$	891
Services		46			40			124			126
Sales and marketing		786			669			2,378			1,986
Research and development		447			409			1,370			1,165
General and administrative		270			234			798			707
​	$	1,851		$	1,637		$	5,593		$	4,875

(4) Includes acquisition-related expense as follows:​

​	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscription	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	61
Services		14			—			16			—
Sales and marketing		104			—			219			7
Research and development		333			246			508			792
General and administrative		2,284			1,536			3,429			2,571
	$	2,735		$	1,782		$	4,172		$	3,431

(5) Includes system transformation costs as follows:​

​	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscription	$	22		$	—		$	22		$	—
Sales and marketing		55			—			92			—
Research and development		2			—			12			—
General and administrative		1,293			—			3,027			—
	$	1,372		$	—		$	3,153		$	—

General and administrative also includes acquisition-related earnout of $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The acquisition-related earnout was an expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 reflecting the increase in fair value of the Digita acquisition contingent liability due to growth in sales of our Jamf Protect product.

Jamf Holding Corp.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows(in thousands)(unaudited)

​	Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023				2022
Operating activities	​				​
Net loss	$	(92,676	)		$	(120,070	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense		37,603				41,738
Amortization of deferred contract costs		15,565				12,091
Amortization of debt issuance costs		2,055				2,040
Non-cash lease expense		4,443				4,373
Provision for credit losses and returns		226				310
Share‑based compensation		78,082				89,524
Deferred tax benefit		(1,973	)			(2,019	)
Adjustment to contingent consideration		—				388
Other		584				4,603
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable		(6,512	)			(15,125	)
Income tax receivable/payable		267				688
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(6,838	)			(3,351	)
Deferred contract costs		(28,839	)			(22,919	)
Accounts payable		4,916				7,766
Accrued liabilities		(7,370	)			2,872
Deferred revenue		20,512				59,922
Net cash provided by operating activities		20,045				62,831
Investing activities
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(18,797	)			(4,023	)
Purchases of equipment and leasehold improvements		(2,522	)			(5,645	)
Purchase of investments		(750	)			(3,100	)
Other		(14	)			(151	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(22,083	)			(12,919	)
Financing activities
Debt issuance costs		—				(50	)
Cash paid for offering costs		—				(104	)
Cash paid for contingent consideration		(206	)			(4,588	)
Payment of acquisition-related holdback		(277	)			(200	)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		5,640				4,682
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		5,157				(260	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(190	)			(1,322	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		2,929				48,330
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period		231,921				177,150
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	234,850			$	225,480
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash within the consolidated balance sheets to the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows above:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	227,619			$	225,480
Restricted cash included in other current assets		3,631				—
Restricted cash included in other assets		3,600				—
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	234,850			$	225,480

Jamf Holding Corp.Supplemental Financial InformationDisaggregated Revenues(in thousands)(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023			2022			2023			2022
SaaS subscription and support and maintenance	$	133,626		$	112,351		$	380,954		$	312,992
On‑premise subscription		4,895			6,173			15,388			17,140
Subscription revenue		138,521			118,524			396,342			330,132
Professional services		3,956			5,216			12,594			14,187
Perpetual licenses		148			817			990			4,134
Non‑subscription revenue		4,104			6,033			13,584			18,321
Total revenue	$	142,625		$	124,557		$	409,926		$	348,453

Jamf Holding Corp.Supplemental InformationKey Business Metrics(in millions, except number of customers and percentages)(unaudited)

	September 30,2023				June 30,2023				March 31,2023				December 31,2022				September 30,2022				June 30,2022				March 31,2022
ARR	$	566.3			$	547.8			$	526.6			$	512.5			$	490.5			$	466.0			$	436.5
ARR from management solutions as a percent of total ARR		79	%			79	%			80	%			80	%			82	%			82	%			83	%
ARR from security solutions as a percent of total ARR		21	%			21	%			20	%			20	%			18	%			18	%			17	%
ARR from commercial customers as a percent of total ARR		73	%			73	%			72	%			72	%			71	%			71	%			70	%
ARR from education customers as a percent of total ARR		27	%			27	%			28	%			28	%			29	%			29	%			30	%
Dollar-based net retention rate(1)		108	%			109	%			111	%			113	%			115	%			117	%			120	%
Devices		31.8				31.3				30.8				30.0				29.3				28.4				26.8
Customers		74,400				73,500				72,500				71,000				69,000				67,000				62,000

(1) The dollar-based net retention rate for March 31, 2022 was based on our Jamf legacy business and does not include Wandera since it had not been a part of our business for the full trailing twelve months.

Jamf Holding Corp.Supplemental Financial InformationReconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP Financial Data(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating expenses	$	142,259			$	121,996			$	412,044			$	373,852
Amortization expense		(7,420	)			(7,040	)			(21,908	)			(21,103	)
Stock-based compensation		(25,334	)			(17,667	)			(69,453	)			(82,068	)
Acquisition-related expense		(2,721	)			(1,782	)			(4,156	)			(3,370	)
Acquisition-related earnout		—				(200	)			—				(388	)
Offering costs		—				—				—				(124	)
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation		(599	)			(600	)			(1,474	)			(964	)
System transformation costs		(1,350	)			—				(3,131	)			—
Legal settlements and other non-recurring litigation costs		(200	)			—				(200	)			—
Non-GAAP operating expenses	$	104,635			$	94,707			$	311,722			$	265,835
	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022				2023				2022
Gross profit	$	110,386			$	93,362			$	317,057			$	259,639
Amortization expense		3,494				5,277				10,102				15,760
Stock-based compensation		3,015				2,823				8,629				7,456
Acquisition-related expense		14				—				16				61
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation		105				132				200				157
System transformation costs		22				—				22				—
Non-GAAP gross profit	$	117,036			$	101,594			$	336,026			$	283,073
Gross profit margin		77	%			75	%			77	%			75	%
Non-GAAP gross profit margin		82	%			82	%			82	%			81	%
	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating loss	$	(31,873	)		$	(28,634	)		$	(94,987	)		$	(114,213	)
Amortization expense		10,914				12,317				32,010				36,863
Stock-based compensation		28,349				20,490				78,082				89,524
Acquisition-related expense		2,735				1,782				4,172				3,431
Acquisition-related earnout		—				200				—				388
Offering costs		—				—				—				124
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation		704				732				1,674				1,121
System transformation costs		1,372				—				3,153				—
Legal settlements and other non-recurring litigation costs		200				—				200				—
Non-GAAP operating income	$	12,401			$	6,887			$	24,304			$	17,238
Operating loss margin	(22)%				(23)%				(23)%				(33)%
Non-GAAP operating income margin		9	%			6	%			6	%			5	%

​	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
​		2023				2022				2023				2022
Net loss	$	(32,277	)		$	(31,302	)		$	(92,676	)		$	(120,070	)
Exclude: income tax benefit (provision)		556				(89	)			(1,147	)			(321	)
Loss before income tax benefit (provision)		(32,833	)			(31,213	)			(91,529	)			(119,749	)
Amortization expense		10,914				12,317				32,010				36,863
Stock-based compensation		28,349				20,490				78,082				89,524
Foreign currency transaction loss		2,647				2,624				995				4,081
Amortization of debt issuance costs		687				682				2,055				2,040
Acquisition-related expense		2,735				1,782				4,172				3,431
Acquisition-related earnout		—				200				—				388
Offering costs		—				—				—				124
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation		704				732				1,674				1,121
System transformation costs		1,372				—				3,153				—
Legal settlements and other non-recurring litigation costs		200				—				200				—
Non-GAAP income before income taxes		14,775				7,614				30,812				17,823
Non-GAAP provision for income taxes(1)		(3,546	)			(1,828	)			(7,395	)			(4,278	)
Non-GAAP net income	$	11,229			$	5,786			$	23,417			$	13,545
Net loss per share:
Basic	$	(0.26	)		$	(0.26	)		$	(0.74	)		$	(1.00	)
Diluted	$	(0.26	)		$	(0.26	)		$	(0.74	)		$	(1.00	)
Weighted‑average shares used in computing net loss per share:
Basic		125,537,246				121,014,325				124,455,109				120,188,587
Diluted		125,537,246				121,014,325				124,455,109				120,188,587
Non-GAAP net income per share:
Basic	$	0.09			$	0.05			$	0.19			$	0.11
Diluted	$	0.08			$	0.04			$	0.17			$	0.10
Weighted-average shares used in computing non-GAAP net income per share:
Basic		125,537,246				121,014,325				124,455,109				120,188,587
Diluted		135,952,210				132,229,404				134,894,664				130,399,569

(1) In accordance with the SEC’s Non-GAAP Financial Measures Compliance and Disclosure Interpretation, the Company’s blended U.S. statutory rate of 24% is used as an estimate for the current and deferred income tax expense associated with our non-GAAP income before income taxes.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,												Years Ended December 31,
		2023				2022				2021				2022				2021
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	20,045			$	62,831			$	64,827			$	90,005			$	65,165
Less:
Purchases of equipment and leasehold improvements		(2,522	)			(5,645	)			(7,261	)			(7,727	)			(9,755	)
Free cash flow		17,523				57,186				57,566				82,278				55,410
Add:
Cash paid for interest		704				683				944				763				967
Cash paid for acquisition-related expense		1,872				2,110				3,885				4,480				5,039
Cash paid for system transformation costs		6,918				—				—				—				—
Cash paid for contingent consideration		6,000				—				—				—				—
Cash paid for legal settlement		—				—				—				—				5,000
Unlevered free cash flow	$	33,017			$	59,979			$	62,395			$	87,521			$	66,416
Total revenue	$	409,926			$	348,453			$	262,586			$	478,776			$	366,388
Net cash provided by operating activities as a percentage of total revenue		5	%			18	%			25	%			19	%			18	%
Free cash flow margin		4	%			16	%			22	%			17	%			15	%
Unlevered free cash flow margin		8	%			17	%			24	%			18	%			18	%

	Trailing Twelve Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	47,219			$	63,169
Less:
Purchases of equipment and leasehold improvements		(4,604	)			(8,139	)
Free cash flow		42,615				55,030
Add:
Cash paid for interest		784				706
Cash paid for acquisition-related expense		4,242				3,264
Cash paid for system transformation costs		6,918				—
Cash paid for contingent consideration		6,000				—
Cash paid for legal settlement		—				5,000
Unlevered free cash flow	$	60,559			$	64,000
Total revenue	$	540,249			$	452,255
Net cash provided by operating activities as a percentage of total revenue		9	%			14	%
Free cash flow margin		8	%			12	%
Unlevered free cash flow margin		11	%			14	%