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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021
or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                     to                    
Commission file number 1-06732
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware   95-6021257
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization) 		  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
445 South Street Morristown, NJ 07960
(Address of Principal Executive Office)   (Zip Code)
(862) 345-5000
(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.10 par value per share CVA New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  þ  No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes  þ  No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer Accelerated
filer 		Non-accelerated
filer 		Smaller reporting 
company 		Emerging growth
company
þ o o ☐ ☐
(Do not check if a smaller
 reporting company)
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  þ
Applicable Only to Corporate Issuers:
Indicate the number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of the latest practicable date.
Class    Outstanding at October 22, 2021
Common Stock, $0.10 par value    133,009,182

COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q QUARTERLY REPORT
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021
 
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2
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this report may constitute "forward-looking" statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act"), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "PSLRA") or in releases made by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), all as may be amended from time to time. Forward-looking statements are those that address activities, events or developments that we or our management intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future. They are based on management’s assumptions and assessments in light of past experience and trends, current economic and industry conditions, expected future developments and other relevant factors. They are not guarantees of future performance or actual results. Developments and business decisions may differ from those envisaged by our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements with respect to the consummation of the transaction with EQT Infrastructure ("EQT"), involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Covanta Holding Corporation (“Covanta”), its subsidiaries and joint ventures or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, in particular, the announced business combination with EQT depends on the satisfaction of the closing conditions to the business combination, and there can be no assurance as to whether or when the business combination will be consummated. For additional information see the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements in the Company's 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Risk Factors set forth in Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2021 and in any subsequent filings with the SEC.

3
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
(Unaudited)
(In millions, except per share amounts)
OPERATING REVENUE:
Waste revenue $ 378  $ 358  $ 1,085  $ 1,035 
Energy revenue 104  93  294  264 
Materials sales revenue 42  21  116  58 
Services revenue 15  19  48  56 
Total operating revenue 539  491  1,543  1,413 
OPERATING EXPENSE:
Cost of operations 366  358  1,154  1,080 
Other operating expense, net —  2  (1) 6 
General and administrative expense 36  27  102  84 
Depreciation and amortization expense 63  54  175  168 
Impairment charges —  —  —  19 
Total operating expense 465  441  1,430  1,357 
Operating income 74  50  113  56 
OTHER (EXPENSE) INCOME:
Interest expense (31) (32) (94) (100)
Net gain on sale of business and investments —  —  —  9 
Loss on extinguishment of debt —  (12) —  (12)
Other expense (1) —  (1) (2)
Total expense (32) (44) (95) (105)
Income (loss) before income tax (expense) benefit and equity in net income from unconsolidated investments 42  6  18  (49)
Income tax (expense) benefit (14) (3) (8) 6 
Equity in net income from unconsolidated investments 2  2  3  3 
Net income (loss) $ 30  $ 5  $ 13  $ (40)
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding:
Basic 133  132  133  132 
Diluted 138  134  137  132 
Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic $ 0.23  $ 0.04  $ 0.10  $ (0.30)
Diluted $ 0.22  $ 0.04  $ 0.10  $ (0.30)
Cash Dividend Declared Per Share $ 0.08  $ 0.08  $ 0.24  $ 0.41 


The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

  Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
  (Unaudited, in millions)
Net income (loss) $ 30  $ 5  $ 13  $ (40)
Foreign currency translation (8) 10  (15) 10 
Pension and postretirement plan unrecognized benefits —  —  —  (1)
Net unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax benefit of ($15), ($3), ($23) and ($5), respectively (47) (4) (67) (19)
Other comprehensive (loss) income (55) 6  (82) (10)
Comprehensive (loss) income $ (25) $ 11  $ (69) $ (50)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
  September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
  (Unaudited)  
  (In millions, except per
share amounts)
ASSETS
Current:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 54  $ 55 
Restricted funds held in trust 8  11 
Receivables (less allowances of $8 and $8, respectively) 259  260 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 78  117 
Total Current Assets 399  443 
Property, plant and equipment, net 2,364  2,421 
Restricted funds held in trust 17  6 
Intangible assets, net 222  237 
Goodwill 302  302 
Other assets 294  297 
Total Assets $ 3,598  $ 3,706 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current:
Current portion of long-term debt $ 28  $ 18 
Current portion of project debt 9  9 
Accounts payable 70  75 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 341  303 
Total Current Liabilities 448  405 
Long-term debt 2,338  2,396 
Project debt 109  116 
Deferred income taxes 343  362 
Other liabilities 137  117 
Total Liabilities 3,375  3,396 
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)
Equity:
Preferred stock ($0.10 par value; authorized 10 shares; none issued and outstanding) —  — 
Common stock ($0.10 par value; authorized 250 shares; issued 136 shares, outstanding 133 shares and 132 shares, respectively) 14  14 
Additional paid-in capital 897  882 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (114) (32)
Accumulated deficit (574) (554)
Treasury stock, at par —  — 
Total Equity 223  310 
Total Liabilities and Equity $ 3,598  $ 3,706 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2021 2020
(Unaudited, in millions)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss) $ 13  $ (40)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense 175  168 
Amortization of deferred debt financing costs 3  3 
Net gain on sale of business and investments —  (9)
Impairment charges —  19 
Loss on extinguishment of debt —  12 
Stock-based compensation expense 23  19 
Provision for expected credit losses 1  1 
Equity in net income from unconsolidated investments (3) (3)
Deferred income taxes 5  (7)
Dividends from unconsolidated investments 4  3 
Other, net 2  4 
Changes in working capital 23  18 
Changes in noncurrent assets and liabilities, net 1  3 
Net cash provided by operating activities 247  191 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (109) (117)
Proceeds from asset sales —  3 
Property insurance proceeds 1  — 
Investment in equity affiliates (6) (11)
Other, net (2) (10)
Net cash used in investing activities (116) (135)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from borrowings on long-term debt —  538 
Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facility 244  631 
Payments on long-term debt (14) (551)
Payments on revolving credit facility (281) (574)
Payments on project debt (7) (6)
Payment of deferred financing costs —  (8)
Cash dividends paid to stockholders (34) (78)
Proceeds from related party note —  9 
Payments of insurance premium financing (28) (24)
Other, net (3) (5)
Net cash used in financing activities (123) (68)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (1) — 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 7  (12)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 72  63 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 79  $ 51 
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 54  $ 34 
Restricted funds held in trust - short term 8  11 
Restricted funds held in trust - long term 17  6 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 79  $ 51 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
Common Stock Additional
Paid-In
Capital 		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Accumulated
(Deficit)
Earnings 		Treasury Stock Total
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
  (Unaudited, in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2020 136  $ 14  $ 882  $ (32) $ (554) 4  $ —  $ 310 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  9  —  —  —  —  9 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (11) —  —  (11)
Shares issued in non-vested stock award —  —  —  —  —  (1) —  — 
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings for vested stock awards —  —  (8) —  —  —  —  (8)
Comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes —  —  —  (12) 2  —  —  (10)
Balance as of March 31, 2021 136  $ 14  $ 883  $ (44) $ (563) 3  $ —  $ 290 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  9  —  —  —  —  9 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (11) —  —  (11)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes —  —  —  (15) (19) —  —  (34)
Balance as of June 30, 2021 136  $ 14  $ 892  $ (59) $ (593) 3  $ —  $ 254 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  5  —  —  —  —  5 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (11) —  —  (11)
Comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes —  —  —  (55) 30  —  —  (25)
Balance as of September 30, 2021 136  $ 14  $ 897  $ (114) $ (574) 3  $ —  $ 223 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 136  $ 14  $ 857  $ (35) $ (460) 5  $ —  $ 376 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  8  —  —  —  —  8 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (34) —  —  (34)
Shares issued in non-vested stock award —  —  —  —  —  (1) —  — 
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings for vested stock awards —  —  (5) —  —  —  —  (5)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes —  —  —  (10) (32) —  —  (42)
Balance as of March 31, 2020 136  $ 14  $ 860  $ (45) $ (526) 4  $ —  $ 303 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  6  —  —  —  —  6 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (11) —  —  (11)
Other —  —  1  —  —  —  —  1 
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes —  —  —  (6) (13) —  —  (19)
Balance as of June 30, 2020 136  $ 14  $ 867  $ (51) $ (550) 4  $ —  $ 280 
Stock-based compensation expense —  —  5  —  —  —  —  5 
Dividend declared —  —  —  —  (11) —  —  (11)
Other —  —  (1) —  —  —  —  (1)
Comprehensive income, net of income taxes —  —  —  6  5  —  —  11 
Balance as of September 30, 2020 136  $ 14  $ 871  $ (45) $ (556) 4  $ —  $ 284 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

8
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)



NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The terms “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us”, "Covanta" and “Company” refer to Covanta Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries; the term “Covanta Energy” refers to our subsidiary Covanta Energy, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Organization
Covanta is one of the world’s largest owners and operators of infrastructure for the conversion of waste to energy (“WtE”), and also owns and operates related waste transport, processing and disposal assets. WtE serves as both a sustainable waste management solution that is environmentally superior to landfilling and as a source of clean energy that reduces overall greenhouse gas emissions and is considered renewable under the laws of many states and under federal law. Our facilities are critical infrastructure assets that allow our customers, which are principally municipal entities, to provide an essential public service.

Our WtE facilities earn revenue from the disposal of waste, generally under long-term contracts, the generation of electricity, and from the sale of metals recovered during the WtE process. We operate and/or have ownership positions in 41 WtE facilities currently in commercial operation, 39 of which are located in North America. In total, these facilities process approximately 21 million tons of solid waste annually, equivalent to 8% of the post-recycled municipal solid waste generated in the United States ("U.S."). Our facilities produce approximately 10 million megawatt hours (“MWh”) of baseload electricity annually. We also operate waste management infrastructure, including 13 waste transfer stations, 20 material processing facilities, four landfills (primarily for ash disposal), one metals processing facility, and one ash processing facility (currently in start-up and testing phase), all of which are complementary to our core WtE business. We also have ownership positions in several projects currently in development and/or under construction in the United Kingdom ("UK").

In addition, we offer a variety of sustainable waste management solutions, including industrial, consumer products and healthcare waste handling, treatment and assured destruction, industrial wastewater treatment and disposal, product depackaging and recycling, on-site cleaning services, and transportation services. Together with our processing of non-hazardous "profiled waste" for purposes of assured destruction or sustainability goals in our WtE facilities, we offer these services under our Covanta Environmental Solutions ("CES") brand.

On July 14, 2021, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement with EQT Infrastructure (“EQT”) whereby EQT will acquire all shares of Covanta common stock for $20.25 per share (the "EQT Merger" or the "Merger"). The Merger is subject to customary government approvals, and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of this year. Covanta obtained the required approval of its stockholders at a special meeting of stockholders held on October 12, 2021. The agreement resulted from a competitive sale process and is not subject to a financing condition.

Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and notes thereto required by GAAP for complete condensed consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for fair presentation have been included in our condensed consolidated financial statements. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Operating results for the interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020, was derived from audited annual consolidated financial statements, but does not contain all of the notes thereto from the annual consolidated financial statements. This Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Reclassifications

Beginning in the first quarter of 2021, we revised our presentation of revenue to distinguish our waste and service activities between (a) revenue received in connection with accepting waste for processing or disposal and (b) revenue received for performing other services. We also aligned costs for all revenue producing activities, including construction services, under Cost of operations. The change in presentation did not affect our total operating revenue, total operating expense, or operating loss.

9
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
The impact of the reclassifications on our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations were as follows (in millions):
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
As previously reported Reclassifications As adjusted
OPERATING REVENUE:
Waste and service revenue (1) (3)
$ 366  $ (8)
Waste revenue (1) (3)
$ 358 
Energy revenue 93  —  Energy revenue 93 
Recycled metals revenue (2) (3)
20  1 
Materials sales revenue (2) (3)
21 
Other operating revenue (1) (4)
12  7 
Services revenue (1) (4)
19 
Total operating revenue $ 491  $ —  Total operating revenue $ 491 
OPERATING EXPENSE:
Plant operating expense (5)
$ 349  $ 9 
Cost of operations (5)
$ 358 
Other operating expense, net (5)
11  (9)
Other operating expense, net (5)
2 
General and administrative expense 27  —  General and administrative expense 27 
Depreciation and amortization expense 54  —  Depreciation and amortization expense 54 
Total operating expense $ 441  $ —  Total operating expense $ 441 
Operating income $ 50  $ —  Operating income $ 50 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
As previously reported Reclassifications As adjusted
OPERATING REVENUE:
Waste and service revenue (1) (3)
$ 1,056  $ (21)
Waste revenue (1) (3)
$ 1,035 
Energy revenue 264  —  Energy revenue 264 
Recycled metals revenue (2) (3)
57  1 
Materials sales revenue (2) (3)
58 
Other operating revenue (1) (4)
36  20 
Services revenue (1) (4)
56 
Total operating revenue $ 1,413  $ —  Total operating revenue $ 1,413 
OPERATING EXPENSE:
Plant operating expense (5)
$ 1,050  $ 30 
Cost of operations (5)
$ 1,080 
Other operating expense, net (5)
37  (31)
Other operating expense, net (5)
6 
General and administrative expense 83  1  General and administrative expense 84 
Depreciation and amortization expense 168  —  Depreciation and amortization expense 168 
Impairment charges 19  —  Impairment charges 19 
Total operating expense $ 1,357  $ —  Total operating expense $ 1,357 
Operating income $ 56  $ —  Operating income $ 56 
(1)Reflects reclassification of certain services performed by CES from the former Waste and service revenue category to the new Services revenue category.
(2)Reflects reclassification of the former Recycled metals revenue category to the new Materials sales revenue category.
(3)Reflects reclassification of E-waste recycling revenue from the former Waste and service revenue category to the new Materials sales revenue category.
(4)Reflects reclassification of construction related revenue from the former Other operating revenue category to the new Services revenue category.
(5)Expense classified under the former Plant operating expense category is now included in the new Cost of operations category, which also reflects the reclassification of construction related expense from the Other operating expense, net category.

10
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this update remove exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 for allocating tax expense between financial statement components, accounting basis differences stemming from an ownership change in foreign investments, and interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed projected losses. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The following table summarizes recent ASU's issued by the FASB that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Standard Description Effective Date Effect on the financial statements
or other significant matters
ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting as amended by ASU 2021-01 This standard provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting due to the cessation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The amendments are elective and apply to all entities that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued.

The amendment in ASU 2021-01 clarifies that all derivative instruments affected by changes to interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment are in the scope of ASC 848. 		First quarter of 2020 through December 31, 2022. Generally, our debt agreements and interest rate derivatives contracts include a transition clause in the event LIBOR is discontinued, as such, we do not expect the transition of LIBOR to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
During the second quarter of 2020, we elected to adopt the hedge accounting expedients related to probability and the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. In addition, we elected to adopt the expedient to not reassess the conclusions reached on embedded derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. We continue to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable as additional changes in the market occur.
11
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
NOTE 3. EQUITY AND EARNINGS PER SHARE ("EPS")
Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) ("AOCI")
The changes in AOCI are as follows (in millions):
Foreign Currency Translation Pension and Other Postretirement Plan Unrecognized Net Gain (Loss) Net Unrealized Loss on Derivatives Total
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ (30) $ 3  $ (8) $ (35)
Other comprehensive income (loss) 10  (1) (19) (10)
Balance at September 30, 2020 $ (20) $ 2  $ (27) $ (45)
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ (8) $ 3  $ (27) $ (32)
Other comprehensive loss (15) —  (67) (82)
Balance at September 30, 2021 $ (23) $ 3  $ (94) $ (114)

EPS

We calculate basic EPS using net earnings for the period and the weighted average number of outstanding shares of our common stock, par value $0.10 per share, during the period. Diluted EPS computations, as calculated under the treasury stock method, include the weighted average number of shares of additional outstanding common stock issuable for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units whether or not currently exercisable. Diluted EPS does not include securities if their effect was anti-dilutive.

Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding were as follows (in millions):
  Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding 133  132  133  132 
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units
5  2  4  — 
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 138  134  137  132 
Anti-dilutive stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units excluded from the calculation of EPS
—  1  —  3 

NOTE 4. REVENUE
Disaggregation of Revenue
A disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers is presented in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. We have one reportable segment which comprises our entire operating business. Beginning in the first quarter of 2021, we revised our presentation of revenue and reclassified the prior years' amounts to conform to the current year's presentation. For additional information, see Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation.

12
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Performance Obligations and Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations

ASC 606 requires disclosure of the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 30, 2021. The guidance provides certain conditions (identified as "practical expedients") that limit this disclosure requirement. We have contracts that meet the following practical expedients provided by ASC 606:

1.The performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less;
2.Revenue is recognized from the satisfaction of the performance obligations in the amount billable to our customer that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date (i.e. “right-to-invoice” practical expedient); and/or
3.The variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct service or a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to our customer (i.e. “series practical expedient”).

Our remaining performance obligations primarily consist of the fixed consideration contained in our contracts. As of September 30, 2021, our total remaining performance obligation was $5.6 billion, of which we expect to recognize 3% for the remainder of 2021 and 11% in 2022.

Contract Balances
The following table reflects the balance in our contract assets, which we classify as unbilled receivables and present in Receivables in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and our contract liabilities, which we classify as deferred revenue and present in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Unbilled receivables $ 30  $ 23 
Deferred revenue $ 21  $ 17 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue in our condensed consolidated balance sheet at the beginning of the period totaled $6 million.

NOTE 5. STOCK-BASED AWARD PLANS
During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we awarded certain employees grants of 1,205,316 restricted stock units ("RSUs"). The RSUs will be expensed over the requisite service period. The terms of the RSUs include vesting provisions based solely on continued service. If the service criteria are satisfied, the RSUs will generally vest during March of 2022, 2023, and 2024.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we awarded 74,399 RSUs and 14,746 restricted stock awards ("RSAs") for annual director compensation. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we issued 13,023 RSUs for quarterly director fees to certain of our directors who elected to receive RSUs in lieu of cash payments. We determined the service vesting condition of the director awards to be non-substantive and, in accordance with accounting principles for stock compensation, recorded the entire fair value of the awards as compensation expense on the grant date.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we awarded certain employees grants of 319,762 cumulative Free Cash Flow ("FCF") per share and total shareholder return ("TSR") performance awards. The FCF awards and the TSR awards will each cliff vest at the end of the 3 year performance period, however, the number of shares delivered will vary based upon the attained level of performance and may range from 0 to 2 times the number of target units awarded.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we withheld 555,345 shares of our common stock in connection with tax withholding for vested stock awards.

13
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Compensation expense related to our stock-based awards was as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Stock-based compensation expense $ 5  $ 5  $ 23  $ 19 

Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and weighted-average years to be recognized are as follows (in millions, except for weighted average years):
  September 30, 2021
  Unrecognized stock-based compensation Weighted-average years to be recognized
Restricted stock units $ 12  1.5
Performance awards $ 8  1.9
Stock options $ 1  1.5

NOTE 6. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Pass through costs

Pass through costs are costs for which we receive a direct contractually committed reimbursement from the public sector client that sponsors a WtE project. These costs generally include utility charges, insurance premiums, ash residue transportation and disposal, and certain chemical costs. These costs are recorded net of public sector client reimbursements as a reduction to Cost of operations in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Pass through costs were as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Pass through costs $ 10  $ 13  $ 33  $ 36 

Impairment Charges
Due to the marginal outcome of our review of goodwill recorded for our CES reporting unit as of October 1, 2019, we continued to monitor the CES reporting unit for impairment through the end of the first quarter of 2020. We considered the economic impacts of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic and the decline in waste volumes from the commercial and industrial sectors to be a triggering event and reviewed the goodwill held at the CES reporting unit. We performed an interim impairment test via a quantitative valuation as of March 31, 2020. As a result, in the first quarter of 2020, we recorded an impairment of $16 million, net of tax benefit of $3 million, which represented the carrying amount of our CES reporting unit in excess of its estimated fair value as of the testing date. We performed the required annual impairment review of our recorded goodwill for our two reporting units as of October 1, 2020. We performed a qualitative assessment and concluded that the fair value of the reporting units exceed the carrying value as of the testing date. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, there were no indicators of impairment identified.

14
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Equity Method Investments

Investments in investees and joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, included in Other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, were as follows (in millions, except percentages):
Ownership interest as of September 30, 2021 September 30, 2021 Ownership interest as of December 31, 2020 December 31, 2020
Dublin (Ireland) 50  % $ 138  50  % $ 153 
Ambiente 2000 S.r.l. (Italy) 40  % —  40  % — 
Earls Gate (UK) 25  % 9  25  % 9 
Rookery (UK) 40  % 12  40  % 4 
Newhurst (UK) 25  % 18  25  % 9 
Protos (UK) 37.5  % 1  37.5  % 6 
Zhao County (China) 26  % 8  26  % 7 
$ 186  $ 188 

For certain of our investment projects, a portion of the consideration received at financial close remained in the project. These amounts are expected to be utilized for future equity contributions in projects in the UK.

The consideration receivable balances included in prepaid expenses and other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in millions):
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Rookery (UK) $ 10  $ 17 
Newhurst (UK) 4  4 
Protos (UK) —  6 
$ 14  $ 27 

In connection with certain equity method investments we made contributions in the form of shareholder loans. Our shareholder loan balances included in other assets - long term on our condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in millions):
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Earls Gate (UK) $ 16  $ 16 
Newhurst (UK) 6  3 
Protos (UK) 4  1 
Zhao County (China) 9  9 
$ 35  $ 29 

For additional information on our shareholder loans in connection with our equity method investments, see Note 9. Credit Losses.

15
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
NOTE 7. INCOME TAXES
We generally record our interim tax provision based upon a projection of our annual effective tax rate ("AETR"). This AETR is applied to the year-to-date consolidated pre-tax income to determine the interim provision for income taxes before discrete items. We update the AETR on a quarterly basis as the pre-tax income projections are revised and tax laws are enacted. The effective tax rate ("ETR") each period is impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, adjustments to the valuation allowances and discrete items. The currently forecasted ETR may vary from the actual year-end due to the changes in these factors.

Our global ETR for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was 45% and 11%, respectively, including discrete tax items. The current year increase in the ETR was primarily due to the effect of the overall increase in pre-tax income and decrease in discrete tax expense that is driven by non-recurring adjustments.

NOTE 8. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SECURITIZATION
We regularly sell certain receivables on a revolving basis to third-party financial institutions (the “Purchasers”) up to an aggregate purchase limit of $120 million. Transfers under the Receivables Purchase Agreement ("RPA") meet the requirements to be accounted for as sales in accordance with FASB ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. We receive a discounted purchase price for each receivable sold under the RPA and will continue to service and administer the subject receivables. The weighted-average discount rate paid on accounts receivable sold was 1.01% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Amounts recognized in connection with the RPA were as follows (in millions):
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2021 2020
Accounts receivable sold and derecognized $ 675  $ 570 
Cash proceeds received (1)
$ 674  $ 569 
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Pledged receivables (2)
$ 128  $ 128 
(1)Represents proceeds from collections reinvested in revolving-period transfers. This amount was included in Net cash provided by operating activities on our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.
(2)Secures our obligations under the RPA and provides a guarantee for the prompt payment, not collection, of all payment obligations relating to the sold receivables.

We are not required to offer to sell any receivables and the Purchasers are not committed to purchase any receivable offered. The RPA has a scheduled termination date of December 3, 2021, or such later date as agreed in writing with the Purchasers. Additionally, we may terminate the RPA at any time upon 30 days’ prior written notice. The agreement governing the RPA contains certain covenants and termination events. An occurrence of an event of default or the occurrence of a termination event could lead to the termination of the RPA. As of September 30, 2021, we were in compliance with the covenants and no termination events had occurred. As of September 30, 2021, the maximum amount available under the RPA was utilized.

NOTE 9. CREDIT LOSSES
For our trade receivables, we assess each counterparty’s ability to pay for service by conducting a credit review. The credit review considers the counterparty’s established credit rating or our assessment of the counterparty’s creditworthiness based on our analysis of their financial statements when a credit rating is not available.

We monitor our ongoing credit exposure through active review of counterparty balances against contract terms and due dates. Our activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation and monitoring current economic conditions and future forecast of economic conditions, to the extent that they impact the credit loss determination and can be reasonably estimated.

16
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Changes in the allowance for credit losses of our trade receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 were as follows (in millions):
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ 8 
Provision for expected credit losses 1 
Write-offs charged against the allowance (1)
Balance as of September 30, 2021 $ 8 

We held the following receivables in connection with our equity method investments (in millions):
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Included in prepaid expenses and other assets $ 14  $ 27 
Included in other assets - long term 35  29 
$ 49  $ 56 

We assess the collectability of the receivables from our equity method investments each reporting period through the impairment analysis procedures of our equity method investments which considers the loss history of the investments and the viability of the associated development projects. As of September 30, 2021, there were no expected credit losses associated with our equity method investment receivables.

NOTE 10. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Measurements
Authoritative guidance associated with fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value, giving the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 inputs), then significant other observable inputs (Level 2 inputs) and the lowest priority to significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs). The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments:

•For marketable securities, the carrying value of these amounts is a reasonable estimate of their fair value.
•Fair values for long-term debt and project debt are determined using quoted market prices (Level 1).
•The fair value of our floating to fixed rate interest rate swaps is determined using discounted cash flow valuation methodologies that apply the appropriate forward floating rate curve observable in the market to the contractual terms of our swap agreements. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is adjusted to reflect counterparty risk of non-performance and is based on the counterparty’s credit spread in the credit derivatives market.
•The fair values of our energy hedges were determined using the spread between our fixed price and the forward curve information available within the market.

The estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we would realize in a current market exchange and are based on pertinent information available to us as of September 30, 2021. Such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

17
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
The following financial instruments were recorded at their estimated fair value. The recurring fair value measurement of our assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions):
Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis: Fair Value Measurement Level September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Assets:
Investments — mutual and bond funds (1)
1 $ 2  $ 2 
Derivative asset — energy hedges (2)
2 —  11 
Total assets $ 2  $ 13 
Liabilities:
Derivative liability — energy hedges (3)
2 $ 79  $ — 
Derivative liability — interest rate swaps (3)
2 6  10 
Total liabilities $ 85  $ 10 
(1)Included in Other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)The short-term balance was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and the long-term balance was included in Other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)The short-term balance was included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and the long-term balance was included in Other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following financial instruments were recorded at their carrying amount (in millions):
  As of September 30, 2021 As of December 31, 2020
Financial Instruments Recorded at Carrying Amount: Carrying
Amount 		Estimated
Fair Value 		Carrying
Amount 		Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities:
Long-term debt 
$ 2,366  $ 2,428  $ 2,414  $ 2,492 
Project debt $ 118  $ 123  $ 125  $ 130 

We are required to disclose the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The fair value of short-term financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their carrying value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets due to their short-term nature.

In addition to the recurring fair value measurements, certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis when an indication of impairment is identified. Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and identifiable intangibles with finite useful lives, are periodically evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, we review the recoverable amount of individual assets or groups of assets at the lowest level of which there are there are identifiable cash flows, which is generally at the facility level. Assets are reviewed using factors including, but not limited to, our future operating plans and projected cash flows. The determination of whether impairment has occurred is based on the fair value of assets as compared to their carrying value. Fair value is generally determined using an income approach, which requires discounting the estimated future cash flows associated with the asset. If the asset carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset.

18
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
NOTE 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
Energy Price Risk
We have entered into a variety of contractual hedging arrangements, designated as cash flow hedges, in order to mitigate our exposure to energy market risk, and will continue to do so in the future. Our efforts in this regard involve only mitigation of price volatility for the energy we produce and do not involve taking positions (either long or short) on energy prices in excess of our physical generation. The amount of energy generation which we have hedged on a forward basis under agreements with various financial institutions as of September 30, 2021 is indicated in the following table (in millions):
Calendar Year Hedged MWh
2021 0.6 
2022 2.4 
2023 2.1 
2024 1.0 
Total 6.1 

As of September 30, 2021, the fair value of the energy derivative liability was $79 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded a $90 million loss for the change in fair value as a component of AOCI.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, cash provided by and used in energy derivative settlements of $9 million and $10 million, respectively, was included in net cash provided by operating activities on our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, cash provided by and used in energy derivative settlements of $32 million and zero, respectively, was included in net cash provided by operating activities on our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Interest Rate Swaps
We may utilize derivative instruments to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in cash flows due to changes in variable interest rates paid on our direct borrowings under a senior secured credit facility consisting of a revolving credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility") and a term loan (“Term Loan”) of our subsidiary Covanta Energy (collectively referred to as the "Credit Facilities"). To achieve that objective, we entered into pay-fixed, receive-variable swap agreements on $200 million notional amount of our variable rate debt under the Credit Facilities. The interest rate swaps are designated specifically to the Credit Facilities as a cash flow hedge and are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of AOCI. For further information on our Credit Facilities, see Note 12. Consolidated Debt.

As of September 30, 2021, the fair value of the interest rate swap derivative liability of $6 million was recorded in short-term and long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded a $4 million gain for the change in fair value as a component of AOCI.

19
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
NOTE 12. CONSOLIDATED DEBT
Consolidated debt is as follows (in millions, except percentages):
 
Average
 Rate (1)
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
LONG-TERM DEBT:
Revolving credit facility 1.99% $ 185  $ 222 
Term loan, net 2.85% 367  374 
Credit facilities subtotal $ 552  $ 596 
Senior notes, net of deferred financing costs 1,186  1,184 
Tax-exempt bonds, net of deferred financing costs 540  540 
Equipment financing arrangements 72  78 
Finance leases (2)
7  7 
China venture loan 9  9 
Total long-term debt $ 2,366  $ 2,414 
Less: current portion (28) (18)
Noncurrent long-term debt $ 2,338  $ 2,396 
PROJECT DEBT:
Total project debt $ 118  $ 125 
Less: current portion (9) (9)
Noncurrent project debt $ 109  $ 116 
TOTAL CONSOLIDATED DEBT $ 2,484  $ 2,539 
Less: current debt (37) (27)
TOTAL NONCURRENT CONSOLIDATED DEBT $ 2,447  $ 2,512 
(1)Includes the effects of the interest rate swap agreement to swap to a fixed rate the variable portion of our interest rate expense on $200 million of notional amount of debt under the Credit Facilities. See Note 11. Derivative Instruments for further information.
(2)Excludes Union County WtE facility finance lease which is presented within project debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Our subsidiary, Covanta Energy, is the borrower of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan (collectively referred to as the "Credit Facilities"). The nature and terms of our Credit Facilities, Senior Notes, Tax-Exempt Bonds, project debt and other long-term debt are described in detail in Note 16. Consolidated Debt in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Unutilized Capacity under Revolving Credit Facility
As of September 30, 2021, we had unutilized capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility as follows (in millions, except years):
Total Facility Commitment Expiring Year Direct Borrowings Outstanding Letters of Credit Unutilized Capacity
Revolving Credit Facility $ 900  2023 $ 185  $ 241  $ 474 
Credit Agreement Covenants
The loan documentation governing the Credit Facilities contains various affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial maintenance covenants (financial ratios), that limit our ability to engage in certain types of transactions. We were in compliance with all of the affirmative and negative covenants under the Credit Facilities as of September 30, 2021.

20
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
NOTE 13. LEASES
The components of lease expense were as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Finance leases:
Amortization of assets, included in Depreciation and amortization expense $ 2  $ 2  $ 6  $ 6 
Interest on lease liabilities, included in Interest expense 1  1  3  3 
Operating leases:
Amortization of assets, included in Total operating expense 2  1  6  5 
Interest on lease liabilities, included in Total operating expense 1  1  2  2 
Total net lease cost $ 6  $ 5  $ 17  $ 16 

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in millions, except lease term and discount rate):
September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, included in Other assets $ 39  $ 43 
Current operating lease liabilities, included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 7  $ 6 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities, included in Other liabilities 39  43 
Total operating lease liabilities $ 46  $ 49 
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, at cost $ 170  $ 170 
Accumulated amortization (40) (33)
Property and equipment, net $ 130  $ 137 
Current obligations of finance leases, included in Current portion of project debt $ 6  $ 6 
Finance leases, net of current obligations, included in Project debt 67  72 
Current obligations of finance leases, included in Current portion of long-term debt 1  1 
Finance leases, net of current obligations, included in Long-term debt 6  6 
Total finance lease liabilities $ 80  $ 85 
21
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
Supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases was as follows (in millions, except lease term and discount rate):
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2021 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows related to operating leases $ 7  $ 6 
Financing cash flows related to finance leases $ 5  $ 5 
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years):
Operating leases 11.2 11.4
Finance leases 30.4 31.3
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases 4.55  % 4.58  %
Finance leases 5.07  % 5.06  %

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):
September 30, 2021
Operating Leases Finance Leases
Remainder of 2021 $ 3  $ 4 
2022 8  11 
2023 7  11 
2024 7  11 
2025 6  10 
2026 and thereafter 27  93 
Total lease payments 58  140 
Less: Amounts representing interest (12) (60)
Total lease obligations $ 46  $ 80 

As of September 30, 2021, we had no additional significant operating or finance leases that had not yet commenced.

NOTE 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We and/or our subsidiaries are party to a number of claims, lawsuits and pending actions, most of which are routine and all of which are incidental to our business. We assess the likelihood of potential losses on an ongoing basis to determine whether losses are considered probable and reasonably estimable prior to recording an estimate of the outcome. If we can only estimate the range of a possible loss, an amount representing the low end of the range of possible outcomes is recorded. The final consequences of these proceedings are not presently determinable with certainty. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, accruals for our loss contingencies recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets were $5 million and $4 million, respectively.

Environmental Matters
Our operations are subject to environmental regulatory laws and environmental remediation laws. Although our operations are occasionally subject to proceedings and orders pertaining to emissions into the environment and other environmental violations, which may result in fines, penalties, damages or other sanctions, we believe that we are in substantial compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations.

22
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
We may be identified, along with other entities, as being among parties potentially responsible for contribution to costs associated with the correction and remediation of environmental conditions at disposal sites subject to federal and/or analogous state laws. In certain instances, we may be exposed to joint and several liabilities for remedial action or damages. Our liability in connection with such environmental claims will depend on many factors, including our volumetric share of waste, the total cost of remediation, and the financial viability of other companies that also sent waste to a given site and, in the case of divested operations, the contractual arrangement with the purchaser of such operations.

The potential costs related to the matters described below and the possible impact on future operations are uncertain due in part to the complexity of governmental laws and regulations and their interpretations, the varying costs and effectiveness of cleanup technologies, the uncertain level of insurance or other types of recovery and the questionable level of our responsibility. Although the ultimate outcome and expense of any litigation, including environmental remediation, is uncertain, we believe that the following proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Lower Passaic River Matter. In August 2004, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) notified our subsidiary, Covanta Essex Company (“Essex”) that it was a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) for Superfund response actions in the Lower Passaic River Study Area (“LPRSA”), a 17 mile stretch of river in northern New Jersey. Essex’s LPRSA costs to date are not material to its financial position and results of operations; however, to date the EPA has not sought any LPRSA remedial costs or natural resource damages against PRPs. In March 2016, the EPA released the Record of Decision (“ROD”) for its Focused Feasibility Study of the lower 8 miles of the LPRSA; the EPA’s selected remedy includes capping/dredging of sediment, institutional controls and long-term monitoring. In June 2018, PRP Occidental Chemical Corporation (“OCC”) filed a federal Superfund lawsuit against 120 PRPs including Essex with respect to past and future response costs expended by OCC with respect to the LPRSA. The Essex facility started operating in 1990 and Essex does not believe there have been any releases to the LPRSA, but in any event believes any releases would have been de minimis considering the history of the LPRSA; however, it is not possible at this time to predict that outcome or to estimate the range of possible loss relating to Essex’s liability in the matter, including for LPRSA remedial costs and/or natural resource damages.

Other Commitments
Other commitments as of September 30, 2021 were as follows (in millions):
Letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility $ 241 
Letters of credit — other 78 
Surety bonds 132 
Total other commitments — net $ 451 

We issue letters of credit to secure our performance under various contractual undertakings related to our domestic and international projects or to secure obligations under our insurance programs. We believe that we will be able to fully perform under our contracts to which these existing letters of credit relate, and that it is unlikely that letters of credit would be drawn because of a default of our performance obligations. If any of these letters of credit were to be drawn by the beneficiary, the amount drawn would be immediately repayable by us to the issuing bank. If we do not immediately repay such amounts drawn under letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility, unreimbursed amounts would be treated under the Credit Facilities as either additional term loans or as revolving loans.

The surety bonds listed in the table above relate primarily to construction and performance obligations and support for other obligations, including closure requirements of various energy projects when such projects cease operating. Were these bonds to be drawn upon, we would have a contractual obligation to indemnify the surety company. The bonds do not have stated expiration dates. Rather, we are released from the bonds as the underlying performance is completed.

We have certain contingent obligations related to our Senior Notes and Tax-Exempt Bonds. Holders may require us to repurchase their Senior Notes and Tax-Exempt Bonds if a fundamental change occurs. Under the Senior Notes indentures, a Change of Control (“CoC”) Offer to purchase the Senior Notes at a purchase price in cash equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes would need to be made if (a) a CoC occurs and (b) the Senior Notes are downgraded by either rating agency on any date during the period commencing 60 days prior to the consummation of such CoC and ending 60 days following consummation of such CoC. Under the Tax-Exempt Bonds indentures, a CoC Offer to purchase the Tax-Exempt Bonds at a purchase price in cash equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Tax-Exempt Bonds would need to be made.

23
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) - (Continued)
The previously announced EQT Merger would constitute a CoC under our Senior Note indentures. On September 8, 2021, following receipt of requisite consents, we entered into supplemental indentures with the Trustees for our Senior Notes due 2027 and Senior Notes due 2030 that, among other things, eliminated the potential requirement to make a CoC Offer in connection with the EQT Merger with respect to such series of Senior Notes.

For specific criteria related to the redemption features of the Senior Notes and Tax-Exempt Bonds, see Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data — Note 16. Consolidated Debt of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We have issued or are party to guarantees and related contractual support obligations undertaken pursuant to agreements to construct and operate waste and energy facilities. For some projects, such performance guarantees include obligations to repay certain financial obligations if the project revenue is insufficient to do so, or to obtain or guarantee financing for a project. With respect to our businesses, we have issued guarantees to municipal clients and other parties that our subsidiaries will perform in accordance with contractual terms, including, where required, the payment of damages or other obligations. Additionally, damages payable under such guarantees for our WtE facilities could expose us to recourse liability on project debt. If we must perform under one or more of such guarantees, our liability for damages upon contract termination would be reduced by funds held in trust and proceeds from sales of the facilities securing the project debt and is presently not estimable. Depending upon the circumstances giving rise to such damages, the contractual terms of the applicable contracts, and the contract counterparty’s choice of remedy at the time a claim against a guarantee is made, the amounts owed pursuant to one or more of such guarantees could be greater than our then-available sources of funds. To date, we have not incurred material liabilities under such guarantees.

We have entered into certain guarantees of performance in connection with our recent divestiture activities. Under the terms of the arrangements, we guarantee performance should the guaranteed party fail to fulfill its obligations under the specified arrangements.

NOTE 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On October 15, 2021, the requisite consents were received from the holders of the Tax-Exempt Bonds to amend the terms of the applicable loan agreements to eliminate the requirement to make a CoC Offer in connection with the EQT Merger.
24
Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ("MD&A")

The following MD&A is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of Covanta for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. The financial information as of September 30, 2021 should be read in conjunction with the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 contained in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Factors Affecting Business Conditions and Financial Results

Impact of novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") on the United States and the global economy

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our employees, our operations, our business and the economy. While we have experienced a normalization in commercial activity and general business conditions, the extent of potential impacts from COVID-19 in the future remains uncertain. We cannot predict the potential future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic with new variants of the virus circulating and it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future.

While a limited number of our employees have contracted COVID-19, we have followed recommended protocols and have thus far not experienced material disruptions to our operations as result of workforce availability issues. Depending upon the rate, extent, and location of future COVID-19 infection, more widespread infection of our employees could cause significant increases to operating expenses at specific facilities, or the curtailment of operations at such facilities on a temporary basis.

Our WtE plants and material processing facilities provide a vital service to our municipal and commercial clients. As waste disposal facilities, they have been recognized as part of Critical Infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security and as essential services by state and local governments. Residential waste represents the substantial majority of our contracted volumes, and there has been limited impact on these volumes to date. We also process commercial waste, including profiled waste, at many facilities, and while overall volumes of these materials for disposal in the market fell during the early stages of the pandemic, volumes have generally returned to pre-pandemic levels, and our average revenue per ton levels have returned as well.

As the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing with new variants and the near term worldwide economic outlook remains uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the length or severity of this pandemic, or the extent to which the disruption may materially impact our consolidated financial statements.

Commodity Markets — Our quarterly results within an operating year may be affected substantially by movements in commodity markets relevant to our business, principally those relating to energy and metals.

Energy Markets — A portion of our energy revenue is sold under short term arrangements at prevailing market prices. Underlying market prices are affected by a variety of factors not within our control such as weather, natural gas supply/demand conditions (including seasonal storage), regional electricity transmission and system conditions, and global demand. We maintain a disciplined program to hedge our exposure to market price volatility, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 11. Derivative Instruments. As a result of our hedging program, we have only a limited amount of exposure to market price volatility in the near term, including for the remainder of 2021.

Metals Markets — We sell recycled ferrous and non-ferrous metals under short term arrangements based on prevailing rates that are affected by regional and global demand for specific types of recycled metals. In addition, recycled metal prices for both ferrous and non-ferrous materials are potentially impacted, directly and indirectly, by tariff and trade actions both by the U.S. as well as foreign countries.

25
The following are various published pricing indices relating to the U.S. economic drivers that are relevant to those aspects of our business where we have market exposure; however, there is not an exact correlation between our results and changes in these metrics.
September 30, 2021 September 30, 2020
Consumer Price Index (1)
5.4% 1.4%
PJM Pricing (Electricity) (2)
$ 37.18  $ 18.77 
NE ISO Pricing (Electricity) (3)
$ 44.88  $ 22.68 
Henry Hub Pricing (Natural Gas) (4)
$ 4.36  $ 2.00 
#1 HMS Pricing (Ferrous Metals) (5)
$ 438  $ 221 
Old Sheet & Old Cast (Non-Ferrous Metals) (6)
$ 0.69  $ 0.39 
(1)Represents the year-over-year percent change in the Headline CPI number. The Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) data is provided by the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
(2)Average price per megawatt hours ("MWh") for Q3 2021 and Q3 2020. Pricing for the PJM PSEG Zone is provided by the PJM ISO.
(3)Average price per MWh for Q3 2021 and Q3 2020. Pricing for the Mass Hub Zone is provided by the NE ISO.
(4)Average price per MMBtu for Q3 2021 and Q3 2020. The Henry Hub Pricing data is provided by the Natural Gas Weekly Update, Energy Information Administration, Washington DC.
(5)Average price per gross ton for Q3 2021 and Q3 2020. The #1 Heavy Melt Steel ("HMS") composite index ($/gross ton) price as published by American Metal Market.
(6)Average price per pound for Q3 2021 and Q3 2020. Calculated using the high price of Old Cast Aluminum Scrap ($/lb.) as published by American Metal Market.

Seasonal — Our quarterly operating results within the same fiscal year typically differ substantially due to seasonal factors, primarily as a result of the timing of scheduled plant maintenance. We conduct scheduled maintenance periodically each year, which requires that individual boiler and/or turbine units temporarily cease operations. During these scheduled maintenance periods, we incur material repair and maintenance expense and receive less revenue until the boiler and/or turbine units resume operations. This scheduled maintenance usually occurs during periods of off-peak electric demand and/or lower waste volumes, which are our first, second and fourth fiscal quarters. The scheduled maintenance period in the first half of the year (primarily first quarter and early second quarter) is typically the most extensive, while the third quarter scheduled maintenance period is the least extensive. Given these factors, we normally experience our lowest operating income from our projects during the first half of each year.

Our operating results may also be affected by seasonal weather extremes during summers and winters. Increased demand for electricity and natural gas during unusually hot or cold periods may affect certain operating expenses and may trigger material price increases for a portion of the electricity and steam we sell.

Completion of Strategic Review

In October 2020, we announced the launch of a comprehensive strategic review of our assets, operations, growth priorities, and capital structure. This review was an opportunity to explore all options to enhance stockholder value, including assessing plans for each of our business lines and geographies. The board of directors appointed Michael Ranger as President and Chief Executive Officer to lead this review and its subsequent execution.

On July 14, 2021, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement with EQT Infrastructure whereby EQT will acquire all shares of Covanta common stock for $20.25 per share. The Merger is subject to customary government approvals and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of this year. Covanta obtained the required approval of its stockholders at a special meeting of stockholders held on October 12, 2021. The agreement resulted from a competitive sale process and is not subject to a financing condition. This Merger represents the conclusion of the strategic review.

26
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following general discussions should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements, the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements and other financial information appearing and referred to elsewhere in this report.

The comparability of the information provided below with respect to our revenue, expense and certain other items for the periods presented was affected by several factors. As outlined in Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and in Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data — Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3. New Business and Asset Management of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, our business development initiatives, contract transitions, and acquisitions resulted in various transactions, which are reflected in comparative revenue and expense.

Certain reclassifications of the prior years' amounts have been made to conform to the current year's presentation. The change in presentation did not affect our total operating revenue, total operating expense or operating loss. For further information on the reclassifications, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation. In addition, comparability of our results was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as discussed above under Impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. and the global economy. These factors must be taken into account in developing meaningful comparisons between the periods compared below.

As discussed in Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data — Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have one reportable segment which comprises our entire operating business.

The following terms used within the Results of Operations discussion are defined as follows:

•“Organic growth”: reflects the performance of the business on a comparable period-over-period basis, excluding the impacts of transactions and contract transitions.
•“Transactions”: includes the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures, and the addition or loss of operating contracts.
•Contract “transitions”: includes the impact of the expiration of: (a) long-term major waste contracts, most typically representing the transition to a new contract structure, and (b) long-term energy contracts.

Certain amounts in our Consolidated Results of Operations may not total due to rounding.
27
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — OPERATING INCOME
Variance
Three Months Ended September 30, Increase
(Decrease)
2021 2020 2021 vs 2020
(In millions)
OPERATING REVENUE:
Waste revenue $ 378  $ 358  $ 20 
Energy revenue 104  93  11 
Materials sales revenue 42  21  21 
Services revenue 15  19  (4)
Total operating revenue 539  491  48 
OPERATING EXPENSE:
Cost of operations 366  358  8 
Other operating expense, net —  2  (2)
General and administrative expense 36  27  9 
Depreciation and amortization expense 63  54  9 
Total operating expense 465  441  24 
Operating income $ 74  $ 50  $ 24 

Variance
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 		Increase
(Decrease)
2021 2020 2021 vs 2020
(In millions)
OPERATING REVENUE:
Waste revenue $ 1,085  $ 1,035  $ 50 
Energy revenue 294  264  30 
Materials sales revenue 116  58  58 
Services revenue 48  56  (8)
Total operating revenue 1,543  1,413  130 
OPERATING EXPENSE:
Cost of operations 1,154  1,080  74 
Other operating expense, net (1) 6  (7)
General and administrative expense 102  84  18 
Depreciation and amortization expense 175  168  7 
Impairment charges —  19  (19)
Total operating expense 1,430  1,357  73 
Operating income $ 113  $ 56  $ 57 

28
Operating Revenue

Waste Revenue
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Variance
September 30, September 30, Increase (Decrease)
 (In millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020 Three Months Nine Months
Tip fees $ 184  $ 168  $ 512  $ 486  $ 16  $ 26 
Service fees 120  119  366  353  1  13 
Waste to energy processing 304  287  878  839  17  39 
Materials processing and recycling 29  22  81  63  7  18 
Waste handling and disposal 80  81  223  220  (1) 3 
Intercompany (35) (31) (96) (87) (4) (9)
Total waste revenue $ 378  $ 358  $ 1,085  $ 1,035  $ 20  $ 50 
Certain amounts may not total due to rounding.

WtE Tons (1)
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Variance
September 30, September 30, Increase (Decrease)
(In millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020 Three Months Nine Months
Tip fees - contracted 2.4  2.3  6.5  6.5  0.1  — 
Tip fees - uncontracted 0.5  0.5  1.5  1.6  —  (0.1)
Service fees 2.7  2.7  7.8  7.9  —  (0.1)
Total tons 5.5  5.5  15.8  15.9  —  (0.1)
(1) Excludes liquid waste.
Certain amounts may not total due to rounding.

For the three month comparative period, total waste revenue increased by $20 million, driven by a $17 million increase in waste to energy processing and a $7 million increase in materials processing and recycling. Within waste to energy processing, tip fee revenue increased by $16 million, driven both by higher average revenue per ton of $8 million and higher volume processed of $6 million.

For the nine month comparative period, total waste revenue increased by $50 million, driven by a $39 million increase in waste to energy processing and an $18 million increase in materials processing and recycling, partially offset by a $9 million decrease in revenue related to the elimination of intercompany transactions. Within waste to energy processing, tip fees increased by $26 million, driven primarily by higher average revenue per ton.

Energy Revenue
Three Months Ended September 30, Variance
 Increase (Decrease)
2021 2020 2021 vs 2020
(In millions)
Revenue (3)
Volume (3)(4)
Revenue (3)
Volume (3)(4)
Revenue Volume
Energy sales $ 75  $ 63  $ 12 
Capacity 11  10  1 
Wholesale load serving (1)
8  17  (9)
Renewable energy credits and other (2)
10  3  7 
Total energy revenue $ 104  1.6  $ 93  1.7  $ 11  — 

29
Nine Months Ended September 30, Variance
 Increase (Decrease)
2021 2020 2021 vs 2020
(In millions):
Revenue (3)
Volume (3)(4)
Revenue (3)
Volume (3)(4)
Revenue Volume
Energy sales $ 214  $ 197  $ 17 
Capacity 33  30  3 
Wholesale load serving (1)
25  30  (5)
Renewable energy credits and other (2)
23  7  16 
Total energy revenue $ 294  4.8  $ 264  4.8  $ 30  — 
(1) Includes wholesale energy load serving revenue not included in Energy sales line, such as transmission and ancillaries.
(2) Primarily relates to all renewable energy credits in 2021 and renewable energy credits sold bundled with energy in 2020.
(3) Covanta share only. Represents the sale of electricity and steam based upon output delivered and capacity provided.
(4) Steam converted to MWh at an assumed average rate of 11 klbs of steam / MWh.
Certain amounts may not total due to rounding.

For the three month comparative period, total energy revenue increased by $11 million, primarily driven by an increase in prices and a $7 million increase in renewable energy credits and other revenue, partially offset by a $9 million decrease in wholesale load serving revenue.

For the nine month comparative period, total energy revenue increased by $30 million, primarily driven by an $18 million increase in prices and a $16 million increase in renewable energy credits and other revenue, partially offset by a $5 million decrease in wholesale load serving revenue.

Materials Sales Revenue
Three Months Ended September 30,
Materials Sales Revenue
(In millions) 		Tons Recovered
 (In thousands)
Tons Sold
(In thousands) (1)
2021 2020 2021 2020 2021 2020
Ferrous $ 27  $ 12  128  118  111  101 
Non-ferrous 15  9  14  12  8  9 
Total materials sales revenue $ 42  $ 21 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Materials Sales Revenue
(in millions) 		Tons Recovered
 (in thousands)
Tons Sold
(in thousands) (1)
2021 2020 2021 2020 2021 2020
Ferrous $ 71  $ 32  358  337  315  291 
Non-ferrous 44  25  38  36  26  25 
Other materials 1  1 
Total materials sales revenue $ 116  $ 58 
(1) Represents the portion of total volume from Covanta's share of revenue under applicable client revenue sharing arrangements.
Certain amounts may not total due to rounding.

For the three month comparative period, total materials sales revenue increased by $21 million, driven by a $20 million increase in prices for ferrous and non-ferrous materials and a $1 million increase from higher tons sold.

For the nine month comparative period, total materials sales revenue increased by $58 million, driven by a $51 million increase in prices for ferrous and non-ferrous materials and a $7 million increase from higher tons sold.

Services Revenue

For the three and nine month comparative periods, services revenue decreased by $4 million and $8 million, respectively, primarily due to lower construction revenue.

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Operating Expense

Cost of Operations
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Variance
September 30, September 30, Increase (Decrease)
(In millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020 Three Months Nine Months
Wages & benefits $ 127  $ 118  $ 381  $ 351  $ 9  $ 30 
Maintenance 59  66  253  239  (7) 14 
Other operating costs 179  174  519  490  5  29 
Cost of operations $ 366  $ 358  $ 1,154  $ 1,080  $ 8  $ 74 
Certain amounts may not total due to rounding.

For the three month comparative period, cost of operations increased by $8 million, driven by an increase in wages and benefits of $9 million and an increase in other operating costs of $5 million, partially offset by a decrease in maintenance expense of $7 million largely due to the timing of scheduled outage activity.

For the nine month comparative period, cost of operations increased by $74 million, driven by increases in wages and benefits of $30 million, maintenance expense of $14 million and other operating costs of $29 million.

Other Operating Expense, net

For the three month comparative period, other operating expense, net, decreased by $2 million.

For the nine month comparative period, other operating expense, net, decreased by $7 million, primarily driven by a $5 million unrealized gain in foreign exchange on our UK investments and a $1 million gain on the sale of our California biomass facilities.

General and Administrative Expense

For the three and nine month comparative periods, general and administrative expense increased by $9 million and $18 million, respectively, as compensation expense and support costs returned to normalized levels from the cost mitigation actions taken in 2020 in response to COVID-19 and increased costs relating to the strategic review impacted the current period.

Impairment Charges

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a non-cash impairment of $16 million, net of tax benefit of $3 million, which represents the carrying amount of our Covanta Environmental Solutions ("CES") reporting unit in excess of its estimated fair value as of the interim goodwill impairment testing date.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — NON-OPERATING INCOME ITEMS

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

Other (Expense) Income:
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Variance
  September 30, September 30, Increase (Decrease)
  2021 2020 2021 2020 Three Months Nine Months
(In millions)
Interest expense $ (31) $ (32) $ (94) $ (100) $ 1  $ 6 
Net gain on sale of business and investments —  —  —  9  —  (9)
Loss on extinguishment of debt —  (12) —  (12) 12  12 
Other expense (1) —  (1) (2) (1) 1 
Total expense $ (32) $ (44) $ (95) $ (105) $ 12  $ 10 

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a $9 million gain in connection with the financial close of our Newhurst development project.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a $12 million loss on extinguishment of debt comprised of approximately $10 million related to the redemption of the 5.875% Senior Notes due 2024 and approximately $1 million related to the refinancing of our tax-exempt bonds.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit:
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Variance
September 30, September 30, Increase (Decrease)
2021 2020 2021 2020 Three Months Nine Months
(In millions, except percentages)
Income tax (expense) benefit $ (14) $ (3) $ (8) $ 6  $ (11) $ (14)
Effective income tax rate 33  % 52  % 45  % 11  % N/A N/A

The difference between the effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, was primarily due to the effect of the overall increase in pre-tax income and decrease in discrete tax expense, that is driven by non-recurring adjustments.

For additional information, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 7. Income Taxes.

Supplementary Financial Information — Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP Discussion)

To supplement our results prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), we use the measure of adjusted earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA"), which is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). This non-GAAP financial measure is described below, and is not intended as a substitute and should not be considered in isolation from measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our use of non-GAAP financial measures may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting their usefulness for comparison purposes. The presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is intended to enhance the usefulness of our financial information by providing a measure which management internally uses to assess and evaluate the overall performance of our business and those of possible acquisition and divestiture candidates, and highlight trends in the overall business.

We use Adjusted EBITDA to provide additional ways of viewing aspects of operations that, when viewed with the GAAP results provide a more complete understanding of our core business. As we define it, Adjusted EBITDA represents earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as adjusted for additional items subtracted from or added to net income including the effects of impairment losses, gains or losses on sales, dispositions or retirements of assets, adjustments to reflect the Adjusted EBITDA from our unconsolidated investments, adjustments to exclude significant unusual or non-recurring items
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that are not directly related to our operating performance plus adjustments to capital type expenses for our service fee facilities in line with our credit agreements. We adjust for these items in our Adjusted EBITDA as our management believes that these items would distort their ability to efficiently view and assess our core operating trends. As larger parts of our business are conducted through unconsolidated investments, we adjust EBITDA for our proportionate share of the entity's depreciation and amortization, interest expense, tax expense and other adjustments to exclude significant unusual or non-recurring items that are not directly related to the entity's operating performance, in order to improve comparability to the Adjusted EBITDA of our wholly owned entities. We do not have control, nor have any legal claim to the portion of our unconsolidated investees' revenues and expenses allocable to our joint venture partners. As we do not control, but do exercise significant influence, we account for these unconsolidated investments in accordance with the equity method of accounting. Net income (loss) from these investments are reflected within our consolidated statements of operations in Equity in net income from unconsolidated investments.

Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income or cash flow provided by operating activities as indicators of our performance or liquidity or any other measures of performance or liquidity derived in accordance with GAAP.

In order to provide a meaningful basis for comparison, we are providing information with respect to our Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, reconciled for each such period to net income (loss) and net cash provided by operating activities, which are believed to be the most directly comparable measures under GAAP.

The following is a reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
(Unaudited)
Net income (loss) $ 30  $ 5  $ 13  $ (40)
Depreciation and amortization expense 63  54  175  168 
Interest expense 31  32  94  100 
Income tax expense (benefit) 14  3  8  (6)
Impairment charges (a)
—  —  —  19 
Net gain on sale of businesses and investments (b)
—  —  —  (9)
Loss on extinguishment of debt (c)
—  12  —  12 
Loss on sale of assets 2  —  1  2 
Property insurance recoveries, net (1) —  (1) — 
Accretion expense 1  1  2  2 
Business development and transaction costs (d)
7  1  11  1 
Severance and reorganization costs —  1  5  2 
Stock-based compensation expense 5  5  23  19 
Adjustments to reflect Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated investments 6  6  19  18 
Capital type expenditures at client owned facilities (e)
6  5  27  24 
Other (f)
5  3  8  9 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 169  $ 128  $ 385  $ 321 
(a)During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a $19 million non-cash impairment charge related to our CES reporting unit.
(b)During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a $9 million gain related to the Newhurst Energy Recovery Facility development project.
(c)During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a $12 million loss on extinguishment of debt, comprised of approximately $10 million related to the redemption of our 5.875% Senior Notes due 2024 and approximately $1 million related to the refinancing of certain Tax-Exempt Bonds.
(d)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded $7 million and $11 million, respectively, of legal, accounting and other expenses in connection with our merger related activities.
(e)Adjustment for capital equipment related expenditures at our service fee operated facilities which are capitalized at facilities that we own.
(f)Added back under the definition of Adjusted EBITDA in Covanta Energy, LLC's credit agreement.
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The following is a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 90  $ 36  $ 247  $ 191 
Capital type expenditures at client owned facilities (a)
6  5  27  24 
Cash paid for interest 52  56  112  104 
Cash paid for taxes 2  2  4  3 
Equity in net income from unconsolidated investments 2  2  3  3 
Adjustments to reflect Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated investments 6  6  19  18 
Dividends from unconsolidated investments —  —  (4) (3)
Adjustments for working capital and other 11  21  (23) (19)
Adjusted EBITDA $ 169  $ 128  $ 385  $ 321 
(a) See Adjusted EBITDA — Note (e).

For additional discussion related to management’s use of non-GAAP measures, see Liquidity and Capital Resources — Supplementary Financial Information — Free Cash Flow (Non-GAAP Discussion) below.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our principal sources of liquidity are our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, cash flow generated from our ongoing operations, and unutilized capacity under our $900 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), which we believe will allow us to meet our liquidity needs. Our business is capital intensive and our ability to successfully implement our strategy is, in part, dependent on the continued availability of capital on desirable terms. For additional information regarding our Revolving Credit Facility and other debt, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 12. Consolidated Debt.

We expect to utilize a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility, and other financing sources, as necessary, to fund growth investments in our business.

In 2021, we expect to generate net cash from operating activities that will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements including funding capital expenditures to maintain our existing assets and paying our ongoing dividends to stockholders. If there are any shortfalls, we have available liquidity under our Revolving Credit Facility. For a full discussion of the factors impacting our 2021 business outlook, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Business Outlook of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We generally intend to refinance our debt instruments prior to maturity with like-kind financing in the bank and/or debt capital markets in order to maintain a capital structure comprised primarily of long-term debt, which we believe appropriately matches the long-term nature of our assets and contracts.

The loan documentation governing the Credit Facilities contains various affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial maintenance covenants (financial ratios), that limit our ability to engage in certain types of transactions. We do not anticipate our existing debt covenants to restrict our ability to meet future liquidity needs. For additional information regarding the covenants under our Credit Facilities, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 16. Consolidated Debt of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The previously announced EQT Merger would constitute a Change of Control under our existing Credit Facilities. We anticipate repaying our existing Credit Facilities in full at the closing of the EQT Merger. In connection with the Merger, certain lenders have committed to provide Covert Mergeco, Inc., the acquiring entity, with debt financing in an aggregate principal amount of up to $3 billion, including up to $440 million in a new revolving credit facility.

Our primary future cash requirements will be to fund capital expenditures to maintain our existing businesses, service our debt and invest in the growth of our business. We believe that our liquidity position and ongoing cash flow from operations will be sufficient to finance these requirements for at least the next twelve months.

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Other Factors Affecting Liquidity

As of September 30, 2021, we held unrestricted cash balances of $54 million, of which $41 million was held by international subsidiaries and not generally available for near-term liquidity in our domestic operations. In addition, as of September 30, 2021, we held restricted cash balances of $25 million. Restricted funds held in trust are generally amounts received and held by third-party trustees relating to certain projects we own or held as collateral in support of hedging activities. We generally do not control these accounts and these funds may be used only for specified purposes.

As of September 30, 2021, we had unutilized capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility of $474 million and were in compliance with all of the covenants under our Credit Facilities. For additional information regarding the Credit Facilities, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 12. Consolidated Debt.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, dividends declared to stockholders were $11 million or $0.08 per share. Such amounts were paid on October 15, 2021.

Other than mandatory repayments that may be triggered by the EQT Merger, we do not face any significant debt maturities until 2023 when our Credit Facilities would otherwise mature. The majority of our capital structure (approximately 80%) is either fixed rate or swapped to fixed. Our floating exposures are the U.S. Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate ("USD LIBOR") based and will fluctuate with USD LIBOR, and current USD LIBOR rates are lower than those prevailing at the same time last year. Further, we believe that we have significant covenant flexibility under the maintenance covenants of our Credit Facilities and expect to remain in full compliance with these covenants.

Sources and Uses of Cash Flow for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $247 million, an increase of $56 million from the same period in the prior year due to an increase in operating income as discussed above.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $116 million a decrease of $19 million from the same period in the prior year due to a decrease in capital expenditures and lower investment in UK projects.

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $123 million, as compared to $68 million used in financing activities from the same period in the prior year, with lower dividend payments and lower net revolver borrowings in the current year.

Supplemental Information on Unconsolidated Non-Recourse Project Debt

Below is a summary of our proportion of non-recourse project debt held by unconsolidated equity investments as of September 30, 2021 (in millions):
Total Project Debt Percentage Ownership Proportionate Unconsolidated Project Debt Project Stage
Dublin (Ireland) (1)
$ 406  50% $ 203  Operational
Earls Gate (UK) (2)
147  25% 37  Under construction
Rookery (UK) (3)
341  40% 136  Under construction
Zhao County (China) (4)
67  26% 17  Under construction
Newhurst (UK) (5)
211  25% 53  Under construction
Protos (UK) (6)
147  37.5% 55  Under construction
Total $ 1,319  $ 501 
(1)We have a 50% indirect ownership of Dublin WtE, through our 50/50 joint venture, Covanta Europe Assets Ltd.
(2)We have a 25% indirect ownership of Earls Gate, through our 50/50 joint venture with GIG, Covanta Green Jersey Assets Ltd., which owns 50% of Earls Gate. The total estimated project cost is £210 million ($277 million), of which £147 million ($194 million) will be financed through non-recourse project-based debt.
(3)We have a 40% indirect ownership of Rookery through our 50/50 joint venture with GIG, Covanta Green. The total estimated project cost is £457 million ($603 million), of which £310 million ($409 million) will be financed through non-recourse project-based debt.
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(4)We have 26% interest in Zhao County through our venture with Longking Energy Development Co. Ltd. The total estimated project cost is RMB 650 million ($93 million), of which RMB 488 million ($75 million) will be financed through non-recourse project debt. Covanta Energy Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd., a wholly owned Covanta entity, issued a parent guarantee for $15 million of the total debt. The fair market value of the guarantee liability is deemed to be immaterial.
(5)We have a 25% indirect ownership of Newhurst through our 50/50 joint venture with GIG, Covanta Green. The total estimated project cost is £341 million ($422 million), of which £251 million ($311 million) will be financed through non-recourse project-based debt.
(6)We have a 37.5% indirect ownership of Protos through our 50/50 joint venture with GIG, Covanta Green Protos Holding Ltd. The total estimated project cost is £400 million ($546 million), of which £277 million ($378 million) will be financed through non-recourse project-based debt.

For additional information on our equity investments, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 6. Supplementary Information — Equity Method Investments and in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, see Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data — Note 3. New Business and Asset Management and Note 13. Equity Method Investments.
Supplementary Financial Information — Free Cash Flow (Non-GAAP Discussion)

To supplement our results prepared in accordance with GAAP, we use the measure of Free Cash Flow, which is a non-GAAP measure as defined by the SEC. This non-GAAP financial measure is not intended as a substitute and should not be considered in isolation from measures of liquidity prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our use of Free Cash Flow may be different from similarly identified non-GAAP measures used by other companies, limiting its usefulness for comparison purposes. The presentation of Free Cash Flow is intended to enhance the usefulness of our financial information by providing a measure which management internally uses to assess and evaluate the overall performance of its business and those of possible acquisition candidates, and highlight trends in the overall business.

We use the non-GAAP financial measure of Free Cash Flow as criteria of liquidity and performance-based components of employee compensation. Free Cash Flow is defined as cash flow provided by operating activities, plus changes in operating restricted funds, less expenditures for software implementation and maintenance capital expenditures, which are capital expenditures primarily to maintain our existing facilities. We use Free Cash Flow as a measure of liquidity to determine amounts we can reinvest in our core businesses, such as amounts available for acquisitions, invest in construction of new projects, make principal payments on debt, or return capital to our stockholders through dividends and/or stock repurchases. For additional discussion related to management’s use of non-GAAP measures, see Consolidated Results of Operations — Supplementary Financial Information — Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP Discussion) above.

In order to provide a meaningful basis for comparison, we are providing information with respect to our Free Cash Flow for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, reconciled for each such period to net cash provided by operating activities, which we believe to be the most directly comparable measure under GAAP.

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The following is a reconciliation of Net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
(Unaudited)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 90  $ 36  $ 247  $ 191 
Changes in restricted funds - operating (a)
(8) 2  (10) — 
Software implementation expenditures (b)
(1) (1) (2) (2)
Maintenance capital expenditures (c)
(21) (35) (94) (107)
Free Cash Flow $ 60  $ 2  $ 141  $ 82 
(a) Adjustment for the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018. As a result of adoption, the statement of cash flows explains the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, changes in restricted funds are eliminated in arriving at net cash, cash equivalents and restricted funds provided by operating activities.
(b) Due to the adoption of ASU 2018-15 effective January 1, 2020, these expenditures, previously included in Maintenance capital expenditures above and Purchases of property, plant and equipment on our consolidated statement of cash flows, are now included in Other, net in the investing section of our consolidated statement of cash flows.
(c) Purchases of property, plant and equipment are also referred to as capital expenditures. Capital expenditures that primarily maintain existing facilities are classified as maintenance capital expenditures. The following table provides the components of total purchases of property, plant and equipment:
  Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
  2021 2020 2021 2020
Maintenance capital expenditures $ (21) $ (35) $ (94) $ (107)
Net maintenance capital expenditures paid but incurred in prior periods (1) —  (11) 2 
Total ash processing system (1) (3) (2) (11)
Capital expenditures associated with other organic growth initiatives (2) —  (2) (1)
Total capital expenditures associated with growth investments (d)
(3) (3) (4) (12)
Total purchases of property, plant and equipment $ (25) $ (38) $ (109) $ (117)
(d) Total growth investments represents investments in growth opportunities, including organic growth initiatives, technology, business development, and other similar expenditures, net of third party loans collateralized by unconsolidated project equity.
Capital expenditures associated with growth investments $ (3) $ (3) $ (4) $ (12)
UK business development projects —  —  —  (9)
Investment in equity affiliate (2) (1) (6) (11)
Less: Third party project loan proceeds collateralized by project equity —  —  —  9 
Total growth investments $ (5) $ (4) $ (10) $ (23)
 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements for information related to new accounting pronouncements.
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Discussion of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
In preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, we are required to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and related notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Many of our critical accounting policies are subject to significant judgments and uncertainties, which could result in materially different results under different conditions and assumptions. Future events rarely develop exactly as forecasted, and the best estimates routinely require adjustment. Management believes there have been no material changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to the items discussed in Discussion of Critical Accounting Policies in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In the normal course of business, our subsidiaries are party to financial instruments that are subject to market risks arising from changes in commodity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and derivative instruments. Our use of derivative instruments is very limited and we do not enter into derivative instruments for trading purposes.

There were no material changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to the items discussed in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of Covanta’s disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as of September 30, 2021. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, based on their reviews and as further discussed below, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide such reasonable assurance.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must consider the benefits of controls relative to their costs. Inherent limitations within a control system include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by unauthorized override of the control. While the design of any system of controls is to provide reasonable assurance of the effectiveness of disclosure controls, such design is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and such assumptions, while reasonable, may not take into account all potential future conditions. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be prevented or detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our system of internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, beginning March 16, 2020, all corporate and field administrative employees transitioned to working primarily from home, while essential plant employees continue to report to their facilities. Effective September 14, 2020, we reopened our headquarters office in Morristown, NJ at a limited capacity, but most employees based in Morristown have continued to work primarily from home. Effective September 2021, these employees returned to the Morristown office under a flexible work program. Despite these changes to the working environment, we have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2021. We will continue to monitor the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For additional information regarding legal proceedings, see Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Relating to the Merger Agreement

On July 14, 2021, we entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with an affiliate of EQT Infrastructure (the “EQT Affiliate”) pursuant to which, among other things, we will merge with and into an EQT Affiliate (the “Merger”) and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of such EQT Affiliate. See Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements — Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation of this report. For additional information regarding the Merger Agreement and the Merger, please see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 16, 2021. On October 12, 2021, Covanta’s stockholders approved this acquisition of Covanta by EQT. In addition to the risks we identified in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have identified the following risks related to the Merger, among others:

There is no assurance when or if the Merger will be completed.

The Merger is subject to a number of conditions to closing as specified in the Merger Agreement. These closing conditions include, among others, obtainment of all required approvals under antitrust and foreign direct investment laws of certain jurisdictions; obtainment of certain consents, approvals and other authorizations of governmental entities; absence of certain legal impediments to the consummation of the Merger; the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the parties to the Merger Agreement to the extent required under the Merger Agreement; the performance in all material respects by each party of all obligations and covenants; and, with respect to the EQT Affiliate’s obligation to consummate the Merger, since the date of the Merger Agreement, no material adverse effect with respect to the Company. There can be no assurance as to when these conditions will be satisfied or waived, if at all, or that other events will not intervene to delay or result in the failure to complete the Merger.

Failure to complete the Merger could have material and adverse effects on us.

If the Merger is not completed on a timely basis, or at all, for any reason, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the Merger, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

•we will be required to pay our costs relating to the Merger, such as certain legal, accounting, financial advisory, filing and printing fees, whether or not the Merger is completed;
•time and resources committed by our management to matters relating to the Merger could otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to us;
•we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative effects on the market price of our common stock;
• we may experience negative reactions from our suppliers, distributors, customers and employees;
•we could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the Merger or related to any enforcement proceeding commenced against us to perform our obligations under the Merger Agreement; and
•we may be required, in certain circumstances, to pay a termination fee of $81,300,000 to the EQT Affiliate.

Additionally, in approving the Merger Agreement, our board of directors considered a number of factors and potential benefits, including the fact that the Merger consideration to be received by holders of our common stock represented an approximately 37% premium to our unaffected share price of $14.78 on June 8th, the day prior to initial media speculation of a transaction. If the Merger is not completed, neither the Company nor the holders of our common stock will realize this benefit of the Merger. Moreover, we would have incurred substantial transaction-related fees and costs and the loss of management time and resources.

A significant delay in consummating or a failure to consummate the Merger could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock and our operating results.

Because the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, it is possible that the Merger may not be completed or may not be completed as quickly as expected. If the Merger is not completed, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. In addition, any significant delay in consummating the Merger would likely lead to a significant diversion of
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management and employee attention and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and adversely affect our relationships with customers and suppliers.

We will incur significant transaction and Merger-related costs in connection with the Merger.

We have incurred and expect to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with the Merger. These costs and expenses include fees paid to financial, legal and accounting advisors, filing fees, printing expenses and other related charges. Some of these costs are payable by us regardless of whether the merger is completed. If the Merger is not consummated, we may under certain circumstances, be required to pay to the EQT Affiliate a termination fee of $81,300,000. Our financial position and results of operations would be adversely affected if we were required to pay the termination fee to the EQT Affiliate.

Prior to the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms, we are prohibited from entering into certain transactions and taking certain actions that might otherwise be beneficial to us and our stockholders.

After the date of the Merger Agreement and prior to the effective time, the Merger Agreement restricts us from taking specified actions without the consent of the EQT Affiliate (which consent may not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed) and requires that our business be conducted in all material respects in the ordinary course of business. These restrictions may prevent us from making appropriate changes to our businesses or organizational structures or from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the merger and could have the effect of delaying or preventing other strategic transactions. Adverse effects arising from the pendency of the Merger could be exacerbated by any delays in consummation of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement.

The Merger, including uncertainty regarding the Merger, may cause customers, suppliers, distributors or strategic partners to delay or defer decisions, which could negatively affect our business and adversely affect our ability to effectively manage our business.

The Merger will happen only if certain conditions are met. Many of the conditions are outside our control, and both we and the EQT Affiliate also have the right to terminate the merger agreement in certain circumstances. Accordingly, there may be uncertainty regarding the completion of the Merger. This uncertainty may cause customers, suppliers, distributors, strategic partners or others that deal with us to delay or defer entering into contracts with us or making other decisions concerning us or seek to change or cancel existing business relationships, which could negatively affect our business. Any delay or deferral of those decisions or changes in existing agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, regardless of whether the Merger is ultimately completed.

The Merger may not be consummated if we do not receive approval from certain regulatory authorities, and delays in such approval increase the likelihood that we will experience a material adverse event.

The consummation of the Merger is subject to a number of regulatory approvals, including (i) the expiration or termination of the required waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended (the “HSR Act”), and approvals required under certain foreign antitrust laws, (ii) approval by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, (iii) approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under Section 203 of the Federal Power Act, as amended, (iv) certain approvals by the Federal Communications Commission, (v) approval by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and (vi) the absence of certain legal impediments to the consummation of the Merger (each of clause (i) through clause (vi), collectively, the “Required Approvals”). As of October 28, 2021, (i) the required waiting period under the HSR Act has expired and the approvals required under applicable foreign antitrust laws have been obtained, (ii) approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under Section 203 of the Federal Power Act, as amended, has been obtained and (iii) applicable approvals by the Federal Communications Commission have been obtained. There can be no assurance that the remaining Required Approvals will be obtained or that no material adverse event will occur with respect to us before we receive the remaining Required Approvals, if at all, or waivers in respect thereof, if any.

The Merger may cause difficulty in attracting, motivating and retaining employees.

Our current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their future role with the Company until strategies with regard to these employees are announced or executed, which may impair our ability to attract, retain and motivate key management, technical, business development, operational and customer-facing employees and other personnel prior to the Merger. If we are unable to retain and replace personnel, we could face disruptions in our operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how, and unanticipated additional recruitment and training costs.

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The Merger Agreement limits our ability to pursue alternatives to the Merger and may discourage other companies from trying to acquire us for greater consideration than what EQT has agreed to pay.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that make it more difficult for us to sell our business to a company other than EQT. These provisions include a general prohibition on us soliciting any acquisition proposal or offer for a competing transaction. If we or the EQT Affiliate terminate the Merger Agreement and we agree to be or are subsequently acquired by another company, we may in some circumstances be required to pay to the EQT Affiliate a termination fee of $81,300,000.

These provisions might discourage a third party that has an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of the Company from considering or proposing an acquisition, even if the party were prepared to pay consideration with a higher per share cash or market value than the cash value proposed to be received in the Merger, or might result in a potential competing acquirer proposing to pay a lower price than it might otherwise have proposed to pay because of the added expense of the termination fee that may become payable in certain circumstances.

We may be a target of securities class action derivative and other lawsuits which could result in substantial costs and may delay or prevent the Merger from being completed.

Shareholder lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into merger agreements. Indeed, since the announcement of the Merger through October 28, 2021, ten lawsuits have been filed by purported shareholders against us and members of our board of directors. While all of those lawsuits have been dismissed, there can be no guarantees that additional lawsuits will not be filed. Even if such lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. Lawsuits filed in connection with the Merger against the Company and/or its respective directors and officers could prevent or delay the consummation of the Merger, including through an injunction, and result in additional costs to us. The ultimate resolution of any lawsuits cannot be predicted, and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may cause the Merger to be delayed or not to be completed, which could cause us not to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of the Merger. We cannot currently predict the outcome of any lawsuits or claims.

Except as noted in the preceding paragraphs, there have been no material changes for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to the risk factors discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION

(a)    None.
(b)    Not applicable.

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Item 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number 		Description of Exhibits
Other.
32*
101.INS** XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase
101.PRE** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File - (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*Filed herewith.
**Filed electronically with this report.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION
(Registrant)
By: /s/ BRADFORD J. HELGESON
Bradford J. Helgeson
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
By: /s/ JOSEPH J. SCHANTZ II
Joseph J. Schantz II
Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Date: October 28, 2021
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